也論自然人外民事主體的種類和權利能力

On the Types and Capacity for Rights of Non-natural Person Subjects

民法法典化活動必須對自然人之外的民事主體給予充分的考量。民法理論將自然人之外的民事主體劃分為法人、非法人組織和國家，這種劃分不盡科學。法人和非法人組織的劃分標準是模糊的。我國民法在界定法人的概念時， 一方面應當將對財產性民事責任形態的考慮予以排除，另一方面則應當將“法人”和“非法人組織”之外的客觀存在也一併納入考慮，從而將法人界定為在自然人和國家之外依法具有民事主體資格的所有客觀存在。自然人之外的民事主體皆具有人格性民事權利能力，而國家作為民事主體能夠享有人格權這一點尤其值得重視。

China's current civil law theory holds that those subjects except naturall person can be divided into three categories, namely corporate organization, unincorporated organization and state. In fact, this classification is ambiguous. The comparison between China's law and foreign law, and the changes in China's understanding of legal person in recent years lead to the new definition of legal person. Legal persons should refer to all beings except natural person and state, which have civil capacity according to law. All of those subjects except natural person have capacity for personal rights, and the fact of the state having capacity for personal rights should not be neglected.