沉默在民商事交往中的意義──私人自治的多層次平衡

The Meaning of Silence in Civil and Commercial Interactions: Multi-level Balance of Private Autonomy

沉默本身因其不具備任何表示價值，一般不具有法律意義。行為人沉默也是私人自治的體現。但沉默在例外情形下也可具有法律意義，並表現為一定的類型層級，其背後體現著對私人自治的多層次平衡。其中，沉默在法定或約定情形下可擬制為意思表示，而不管私人的真實意思為何，是對私人自治的強平衡；在存在相應義務而沉默從而造成他方損失時，則需要承擔消極利益的損害賠償責任，是對私人自治的中平衡；在可歸責的以沉默引起相對人信賴，相對人善意、信賴又具有合理性時，就需要承擔以履行方式維護積極利益的信賴責任，是對私人自治的弱平衡。這種多層次的結構構成了對私人自治平衡的基本範式。

Because of the lack of any value of declaration, generally silence does not in itself have any legal meaning. The silence of the feasor is also the expression of private autonomy. However, in exceptional cases, silence can also have legal meaning, which displays in a certain type hierarchy and behind this, it embodies the multi -level balance of private autonomy. Hereinto, no matter what is the real private will, under legal or conventional cases silence can be the fiction of declaration of will. This is the strongest balance of private autonomy. When the feasor has certain obligation hut keeps silent, which causes the loss of the other party, he needs to hear the liability of compensation for damages of negative interest. This is the moderale balance of private autonomy. When the feasor imputably causes the reliance of other party by silence and the other party is in good faith, the reliance of other party is reasonable, the feasor needs to hear the reliance-based liability by fulfilling for protecting the positive interest. This is the weakest balance of private autonomy. This multi-level structure constitutes a fundamental paradigm of the balance of private autonomy.