未成年人意定監護立法研究

A Study on Legislation about Freewill Guardianship of Minors

未成年人意定監護是指在未成年人不處於父母照護權之下時，由未成年人的 父母雙方或一方通過委託或者以遺囑方式為其設立監護人，並將對未成年人的照顧與保護委託給監護人代理行使的制度。它是未成年人利益最大化原則的具體體現。未成年人意定監護具有自身的特徵，它體現的是作為法定監護人父母的意思與意願，意定監護人履行的是類似於父母對未成年子女的撫養、教育與保護的義務與責任，保護的是未成年子女的人身權和財產權。作為法定監護的補充，我國相關立法規定了委託監護和遺囑指定監護兩種意定監護形式，但從立法本身及其適用效果來看，我國的意定監護還存在著立法體系不統一、內容不夠完善和監護監督機制不夠健全等問題。因此，建議由民法典來統一規定意定監護，明確規定意定監護的適用條件、意定監護人選任資格、意定監護人的職責與權利等內容，並建立健全意定監護的監督機制。

Freewill guardianship of minors enables both or either one of parents to assign guardians via authorization or will, and to delegate them to take care of and protect the minor children, when the minors are not under the guardianship of their parents, which embodies the maximization principle of minors' interest. Freewill Guardianship has specific features. On the one hand, it represents the will of parents as legal guardians. On the other hand, freewill guardians are obligated to the foster, education and protection of minors as their parents, where the protection are for the personal right and the property right of minors. The legislation specifies two forms of freewill guardianship, that is, authorized guardianship and testamentary guardianship. However, from the two facets of freewill guardianship-- legislation and effectiveness, the current freewill guardianship system in China has the following issues: disintegrated legislation system and flawed legislative content with an incomplete supervision system. Therefore, for a more complete supervision system, the author suggests the unification of freewill guardianship by Civil Code, and the specification of appropriate conditions, qualification of freewill guardians and their obligations and rights.