理解天命——文天祥的命運觀與術數知識

Exploring the Mandates of Heaven: Wen Tianxiang’s Concepts of Fate and Mantic Knowledge

本文透過文天祥的個案，深入觀察各類術數知識如何進入士人的生活世界中、如何和其既有的儒學養成並存於一身，以及在面對命運攸關的情境時，士人如何抉擇適當的知識系統以為因應的基礎。由於文天祥本人有充分的儒學養成背景，又曾廣泛的接觸或吸收各類術數，故研究者得以觀察不同的知識系統如何並存於其生活世界中。他充滿險阻、挫折與悲劇性的生命際遇，則提供了觀察知識實踐的關鍵場景。除了對文天祥個人生命面貌有更整全的理解外，本研究也企圖對士人的知識分類與認同，有更進一步的掌握。

Based on the case of the late Song literatus Wen Tianxiang 文天祥, this study aims to explore how various mantic arts played a part in, and became juxtaposed with, Confucian teachings in the lives of literati, and how Song literati reacted when faced with life crises. Given that Wen was deeply involved in both mantic arts and Confucian teachings, his life experiences serve as a window through which we investigate how the juxtaposition of these two systems of knowledge came into being. One may also examine how Wen Tianxiang reacted, and which part of his knowledge associations became embodied, during the final stage of his heroic, yet tragic life. This study also goes beyond Wen Tianxiang himself, and probes into the ways in which Song literati in general classified knowledge and identified with it.