從差役看唐朝流刑的配送與執行

The Distribution of Labor and the Implementation of the Banishment Penalty in the Tang Dynasty

本文從差役的角度，圍繞流刑在差配的過程中，以配送官員與流配的計程為中心，探討流刑實際施行的情況。就流刑配送里程的計算，流放的起點並非以首都長安為起算，而是以流人的居住地為計算的起點。流人配役地點的選定以邊州為原則。流人在流配即經路線為驛道，專使與防人為押官，由流人原鄉為起點，並非一路押送至配所的終點，而是在流刑途中設有轉運站的配役單位，由中央到地方的轉運使採輪番交替的原則，將各地流人分別以接力的方式，戒護每位流人至當地的配所。流刑中配送囚徒是件任重大的運送工程，亦屬唐代交通運輸中重要的一環。

By studying the process of labor distribution, the involvement of officials, and the distance to the location of banishment in the Labor Decree, this article examines the implementation of the banishment penalty in the Tang Dynasty. The distance to the location of banishment did not start from the capital Chang'an but from the prisoners' residence. In principle, a prefecture (zhou) on the border would be selected as the banishment location and the dispatch was conducted along the postal service circuit. An .Appointed Envoy' (zhuanshi) and a 'High Commissioner' (fangren) acted as dispatch officials. The prisoner was not escorted all the way from his or her residence to the location of banishment but was sent to transition stations along the postal route. At every distribution, the central government sent commissioners to take turns escorting the prisoners from station to station until the prisoners reached the banishment location. The transportation of prisoners involved great responsibility and was regarded as an important part of the transportation network system in the Tang Dynasty.