血液的「曖昧線」──台灣皇民化文學中「血」的表象與日本近代優生學論述

The Boundary of the “Blood”:The Representative of “Blood” in the Literature of the Imperial Subjectiveand the Eugenic Discourse in Modern Japan

明治初期，在社會達爾文主義的影響下，日本人開始提倡「人種改革」，例如透過不同人種間的通婚以改善日本人種劣等性的論述便在此一時期形成。但是歷經中日甲午戰爭（1894-1895）以及日俄戰爭（1904-1905）後，日本的優生學論述開始改變方向。在贏得兩場戰爭的勝利之後，日本人已是當時最優秀的人種之一的相關論述在日本開始流行，並為當時日本的優生學論述帶來變化。日本近代以來隨著不同時期而產生多樣化的優生學論述的演進實際上對於日本帝國殖民地統治政策有極重大的影響。以台灣為例，皇民化時期日本的優生學論述與在殖民地所實施的同化政策間所出現的矛盾可由日台作家作品對立的分歧窺見，而這在一九四○年代台灣的「皇民文學」中描寫「血統」問題的作品尤為明顯。本文的目的將透過爬梳日本近代優生學論述形成的歷史脈絡，檢視關於「血液」論述的變遷以及一九四○年代台灣「皇民化文學」作品中所呈現的同化政策與優生學論述二者間的矛盾與衝突。此外並更進一步突顯日本近代優生學「純血」論述在日本帝國擴張時期複雜及多層的面貌以及其對殖民統治的正當性如何扮演推波助瀾的意識型態角色。

In the early Meiji period, under the influence of Darwinism, Japanesebegan to advocate “reforming the Japanese race.” In this stage, the discourse toimprove the inferiority of Japanese race through the inter-racial marriages hadbeen formed. However, after the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), Japanese eugenic discourse approached to a turningpoint. Japanese race was supposed to be one of the superior races becomespopular and indicates the changes of the racial discourse. In fact, the discourseson Japanese eugenics developed in various forms in different stages in modernJapan which also brought the huge influences to the colonial ruling policy.Using Taiwan as an example, the contradiction between Japanese eugenicdiscourse in the Imperial Subjective period and the policy of national assimilationin colony could be seen in the conflicts among the Japanese writers’ works andthose of Taiwanese writers. The characteristic is obvious in the works which stresson the “blood” issue in Taiwan’s Imperial Subjective literature in 1940s. Thepurpose of this paper is to examine the development of the “blood” discourseand the contradictions and the conflicts in Taiwan’s Imperial Subjective literaturein 1940s through putting the historical context of eugenic discourse in modernJapan in order. Moreover, to shed light on how the complicated and the multi layers of the discourse of the “pure blood” ensured the validity when Japaneseempire broadened it’s territory and advanced to overseas is another purpose of thispaper.