吸收與創新──盛清諸帝對西洋工藝的指導與創製

Absorption and Innovation: How Emperors of High Qing Dynasty Shape the Western Craftsmanship

明萬曆二十九年（1601），利瑪竇等神父以自鳴鐘等西洋物品進獻萬曆帝，深深擄獲萬曆帝的心。入清後，隨著較多的傳教士來華，各式西洋工藝隨之引進中國，洋玩意因造型華麗豐富，充滿異域情調，兼具藝術與賞玩性，深受盛清諸帝的喜愛。盛清諸帝均好西洋奇器，順治朝時，清宮就已聘請西洋傳教士仿製自鳴鐘和機械人，康熙朝，康熙帝對於西洋科學興趣濃厚，藉造辦處成立，主導仿製不少西洋工藝；乾隆朝時，宮廷西洋工藝的製作達到全盛，相當成熟，製作出不少精巧作品。盛清時期西洋工藝在宮中發展迅速，從仿製到加入傳統元素，產生極具特色的中西合璧作品，其關鍵因素在於盛清諸帝個人的品味與對藝術喜好，甚至親自主導活計製作，提供豐富而靈活的藝術創意所致。本文以盛清諸帝主導鐘表、眼鏡、玻璃、玩具等西洋工藝製做為中心，嘗試以從吸收和創製的角度，析論盛清諸帝對西洋工藝的主導與創製，進而從創造者、創造歷程、創造產品及創造環境等四個面向，析論盛清諸帝的藝術創造力。

In 1601 during the reign of Wanli Emperor in the Ming Dynasty, missionaries like Matteo Ricci started to come to China, bringing with them some western objects such as a striking clock. They presented these novel items to the Chinese emperor as gifts to win the ruler's heart. Afterwards in the Qing Dynasty, more and more missionaries poured into China, leading to the popularity of western craftsmanship in this great country. Since these western 'toys' were both beautiful and exotic, their artistic forms and enjoyable attribute were highly favoured by each emperor of 'high' Qing Dynasty (lit. The government's power was at the zenith in every way.)Of all western gifts they received, mechanical device seemed to be the most preferable for every emperor. For instance, during the reign of Shunzhi Emperor, he asked missionaries to copy the creation of striking clocks and robots. On the other hand, Kangxi Emperor founded the Imperial Workshops (Zaobanchu) out of his personal deep interests in western science to copy much creation of western craftworks. Therefore, later in the reign of Qianlong Emperor, the production of imperial western crafts came to the peak and its technique was considerably mature. A great number of works were made in this era.The development of western craftsmanship is rapid in high Qing Dynasty. From imitation to adding traditional elements to the production, these western crafts were a unique combination of Chinese and western characteristics. The key to such a glamour creation is these emperors' personal taste for arts and crafts. Moreover, some of them even participate in the creation of craftworks on their own so that the imperial western crafts were full of abundant dynamic creativity. This study is aimed at analyzing and discussing how emperors of high Qing Dynasty dominate the creation of western crafts such as clocks, watches, glasses, toys, and eyewear from the perspective of absorption and creation. Moreover, this study will explore the emperors' artistic creativity of high Qing Dynasty in terms of creator, process of creation, creative production and environment of creation.