秦簡牘和《張家山漢簡》文字構形比較析論──以秦簡牘「簡化」、「繁化」及「異化」現象的字例為考察中心

A Comparative Analysis of the Form and Structure of the Characters in the Qin Bamboo Slip Manuscripts and Zhangjiashan Bamboo Slips ─With the Phenomena of “Complication,” “Simplification,” and “Differentiation” as the Foci of Examination

秦漢文字處於隸變萌芽、發展及完成的關鍵時期，綜觀出土的秦漢文字材料，有簡牘、帛書、石刻、金文、封泥、璽印、陶文等；其中，簡帛文字除數量眾多，具有寶貴的史料價值外，在漢字由篆文轉隸書的隸變過程中，更能反映當時社會文字的使用情況及真實書寫原貌，格外具有研究價值及意義。戰國中晚期至西漢初年的隸書屬於「古隸」，本文以西漢早期的張家山漢簡和秦簡牘文字（戰國中晚期的秦國至秦代）為對象，考量同屬「古隸」階段的文字構形無可避免存有高度的符合性和穩定性；然就歷時的眼光，亦不可忽略這段時間的文字在隸變「漸變」過程中的「差異性」。故本文以秦簡牘「簡化」、「繁化」及「異化」現象的字例為考察中心，試圖從秦簡牘和張家山漢簡的構形比勘中歸結出值得注意的現象，對於張家山漢簡和秦簡牘不同的構形，亦探求其原因。

The Chinese characters during the Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty were situated in the key stage of the beginning, development, and completion of libian (the transformation of clerical script). Examining the script materials, there were bamboo slips, silk manuscripts, stone carvings, bronze inscriptions, mud seals, seals, and pottery inscriptions. Among them, unearthed bamboo slips were the highest in number. In addition to their precious historic values, in the process of the transformation from zhuan wen (seal script) to lishu (clerical script), it reflects the conditions and the authentic situations of the use of the characters in the society at that time, providing researchers with high values and meanings in studying them. From the mid- and late Warring States Period to the early West Han Dynasty, the lishu written in this period was regarded as guli (ancient clerical script). In this essay, the characters of the Zhangjiashan Bamboo Slips and Qin Bamboo Slip Manuscripts (from the Qin Kingdom in the mid- and late Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty) are regarded as the objects of study. Considering the period of “guli,” the forms and structure of characters were high in similarity and stability, which seemed to be unavoidable. However, from a historical perspective, we cannot neglect the “differentiation” of characters in the gradual changing process of libian in this period. Therefore, this essay examines the “simplification,” “complication,” and “differentiation,” of characters with examples drawn from the Zhangjiashan Bamboo Slips and Qin Bamboo Slip Manuscripts. It attempts to compare and contrast the two to deduce the phenomena worthy of paying more attention to. It also intends to find out the reason why the characters in the Zhangjiashan Bamboo Slips did not inherit the forms and structures of those found in the Qin Bamboo Slip Manuscripts.