城市中的鄉村風景：《紀實與虛構》的網絡化歷史與認同

Rural Scene in the Grid City: Networking History and Cultural Identity Constructed in Wang Anyi's Reality and Fiction

對於從文革、新時期一路走來的當代中國來說，如何打破網格化的制式思維，接納後現代的多元、異質語境，又能從中建構出具有民族文化精神的認同，是項值得探討議題。本文認為：王安憶的小說《紀實與虛構》，既建構有多元歷史，又隱藏著對「情」與「多元涵融」文化價值的肯定，或許可為此議題提供參考。《紀實與虛構》故事中因文革而認同斷裂的知青，在文革結束後，試著透過追索家族歷史以重構認同。在其追尋過程中，家族歷史／國族歷史不斷被建構與解構，鋪設出新歷史主義的多元基調。但在故事中，敘事者排拒如同都市網格般無情、規訓化的革命同志關係，嚮往人與人之間跨越親緣關係的情感連結。在掩映中，透露著作者對以「情」為本的民族文化精神之認同。本文指出《紀實與虛構》藉由城市空間、歷史建構、認同建構與文本書寫四個層面，在形式與內容上，建構出一個以「斷裂－接合」與「掩映的導引」為機制的網絡化場域，彷彿藉以提示：當代中國或可打破網格思惟，提供不同主體建構接合出可自由連斷的網路化認同，而「情」與「多元涵融」－可作為建構認同時的導引。王安憶藉由《紀實與虛構》，為當代中國提供出其理想中的圖景。這樣的圖景，彷如其所嚮往的「城鄉接合部」，也就是城市中的鄉村風景，其所跨藝術疊映著的是中國園林美學。

This article examines how contemporary Chinese novels respond to the issue of identity crisis and give suggestions for reconstructing cultural identity within the post-modern context of today's China. In the past century, China experienced cultural turbulences through events such as the May Fourth Movement and the Cultural Revolution. After the Cultural Revolution, writers who went through it began to search for their cultural roots. Their writings were also affected by the post-modernistic thoughts which emphasize plurality, decentralization, heterogeneity, and fragmentation. Hence, in the 1990s, we began to see a new form of novel which disguises the construction of cultural identity under the veil of post-modernism. This type of novel often creates a locale and facilitates its identity construction with a mechanism of “disjunction-articulation-networking”. Due to their exile experience in the countryside during the Cultural Revolution, these writers were able to find ways to re-contextualize cities through their experience in rural China. Thus, it can be argued that this type of cultural identity is constructed by finding the interaction of features and images between the cities and the countryside. This argument is established by exploring Wang Anyi's novel Reality and Fiction. Wang's novel creates paradoxes and co-construction of identity through personal, familial, and national histories. By exploring the ways to interpersonal relationships in cities and by pluralizing the history of Ru's Family, the novel provides an ideal picture in which “affection” and “pluralism” serve as the spirit to pursue in contemporary China.