東漢三思想家對孝的批判與《荀子》的「孝」觀念關係之研究

Study on the Relations between Xun Zi's Concept of Xiao and Its Criticism by the Three Philosophers of Eastern Han Dynasty

漢王朝以「孝」的道德觀念治理天下。但是到了東漢時代逐漸有幾位思想家對當時的「孝」主張獨創的言說，譬如王充、仲長統、孔融等等。或人把他們的言辭叫「對孝的批判」。王充、孔融確實否定父子間的「情愛的先天性」。這個觀點與《荀子》的完全一致。仲長統否定盲從父母的想法，重視「諫爭」。不過《荀子》等儒家原本也把「諫爭」看作孝道。筆者認為，這三人都並不反對孝道本身。豈止如此，他們提出的看法是《荀子》的繼承、發展，堪稱傳統的儒家孝倫理中的一部份。

The Han Dynasty established'Xiao or Filial Piety as his ideological pillar to rule over the whole country, as highly praised it. But when Post Han Period came, such philosophers as Wang Chong (王充), Zhongchang Tong (仲長統), Kong Rong(孔融) appeared to develop their original views on Xiao at the time. While Wang Chong and Kong Rong denied 'the nature of affection' between father and son, Zhongchang Tong admonished not to blindly obey one's parents, and thought highly of 'Remonstration'. Therefore, their position is often viewed as 'criticism of Xiao'. However, since it also shows some similarities to 'Xun zi on their claim, the three philosophers' theory can be identified as developed theory of it as well. In all, the three philosophers do not stand against Xiao, but are of the traditional Confucius ethics.