律師職業化如何可能－－基於古希臘、古羅馬歷史文本的分析

On the Possibility of the Professionalization of Lawyers : Analysis Based on the Historic Texts of Ancient Greek and Ancient Rome

在直接民主審判模式下的古希臘時期，由演說家擔任的“演說寫手”和“辯護幫助人”未能在法庭辯護的活動中形成一門固定有序的職業，律師職業被扼殺於搖籃之中。在羅馬共和國時期和帝國初期，隨著訴訟程序的不斷發展，陸續產生了由演說家擔任的訴訟代表、訴訟代理人和由法學家擔任的法律顧問，幫助當事人進行訴訟，他們被統稱為“訴訟保護人”。至羅馬帝國中晚期，國家公權力對司法訴訟的干預日益強化，執法官的專業化使得法庭演說家迅速成長起來。他們學習專業的法律知識，並肩負起法學家的法律諮詢功能，還組建了自己的職業團體，以提供公共服務為主要職能，律師由此正式成為一門職業。這是國家政權認可法治觀念、司法訴訟制度不斷發展以及法律制度日益完備的歷史產物。

Ancient Greek period is characterized by the direct democracy trial pattern, where the orators, who worked as the the 'λογσγραψοζ' andv 'συνσγοροζ', failed to form a fixed and specialized profession in the court defense, and the lawyer profession was killed in the cradle. During the period of the Roman Republic and the early years of the Empire, the increasing development of the legal procedure, successively, produced cognitor, procurator and juris consulti, who assisted litigants during the litigation. They were collectively referred to as 'patroni causarum'. During the middle and the late stage of the Roman Empire, the public power intervention on the judicial proceeding was increasingly strengthened, and the specialization of the magistrates determined the rapid growth of the forensic orators. They studied professional legal knowledge, and supported the jurist's legal advisory function, and they also set up their own professional groups with the main function of providing a public service. The lawyer officially became a profession. And this historical productis the consequence of the following three elements: the national state power recognition of the rule of law, the development of the judicial litigation system, and the unceasingly day by day growth of the legal system.