錯案是如何生產的？－－基於61起刑事錯案的認知心理學分析

How Criminal Misjudged Cases Be Produced?-- Based on the Cognitive Psychological Analysis of Sixty-one Criminal Misjudged Cases

刑事錯案的生產機制，可被分解為兩個關鍵的步驟。第一個步驟是“構造故事”，從認知心理學的角度來觀察，由於認知系統中的系統一的自發作用，偵查機關對案件事實的認識存在著普遍的認知偏差，主要有代表性偏差、易得性偏差和錨定性偏差，這些認知偏差是導致刑事錯案的直接誘因。第二個步驟是“證實（偽）故事”，在刑事錯案中，偵查機關偏愛運用刑訊逼供手段來證實“犯罪故事”，從認知心理學的角度來觀察，這是“過度自信效應”“展望理論效應”和“沉沒成本效應”作用的結果。

The production mechanism of criminal misjudged cases can be divided into two steps. The first step is to construct a crime story. Based on the cognitive psychology, because of the spontaneous action of cognitive system I of our brains, cognitive biases, main representativeness biases, availability biases and anchor biases should be responsible for criminal misjudged cases and will directly dominate our thinking. The second step is to confirm or falsify crime story. On the basis of the cognitive psychology, because of 'theory of overconfidence', 'prospect theory' and 'sunk cost effects', the investigating authorities will prefer torture and give up the principle of presumption of innocence and provision of no torture.