葬禮二重奏？—洪堡（Humboldt）理念在現代德國高等教育之浮沉

A Funeral Duet for Humboldt? The Rise and Decay of Humboldtian Thought in Contemporary Higher Education in Germany

德國大學在19 世紀中葉後至二次大戰發展為世界學術中心，Humboldt 多被視為重要擘劃者，且其理念亦廣為全世界所接受，伴隨著前述頌揚有所謂 的「Humboldt 神話」之質疑。本文從現實層面與大學理念層面檢視Humboldt 理念與德國大學的關係。在現實層面上，1960 年代德國大學轉型為大眾化大 學，而使得競爭、效率與績效等理念逐漸取代Humboldt 理念。在大學理念層 面上，Humboldt 理念與現代科學處於緊張關係；且近代德國科學發展乃得利 於工業革命，透過分權化競爭機制而有長足發展。再者，角色統合機制對理論 ∕經驗研究、不同學科領域加以整合，因而帶來科學的創新。但Humboldt 亦 難以被漠視，其理念恰如「扳道工」，將研究探索精神注入原本靜如死水的德 國大學，也才有所謂的柏林大學模式。

Between the middle of the 19th century and the Second World War German universities developed into top-notch centers of academia. Wilhelm von Humboldt is widely recognized as a pivotal figure in this development and his ideas have been widely influential throughout the world. Nonetheless， some have called into question the “myth of Humboldt.” In this paper， I investigate the relationship between Humboldtian thought and higher education in Germany on both the practical level and the level of university idea. On the practical level， as a result of the shift to mass education in the 1960s， the Humboldtian thought began to be eclipsed by a new emphasis on competition， efficiency， and achievement. On the level of university idea， there has long been a tense relationship between Humboldtian thought and modern science; further， the industrial revolution lent much impetus to the development of science， which has been further bolstered by institutions characterized by competition and division of authority. Moreover， institutions characterized by role hybridization tend to have an integrating influence on theoretical and experiential research in various fields， which tends to spur scientific innovation. In such a situation， Humboldt’s ideas can be likened to a switchman for steering stagnant German universities back onto the track of research imbued with the spirit of exploration， an approach which has given rise to the so-called “Berlin University model.”