聞一多說《詩》中的原始社會與生殖文化

Wen Yi-duo's Interpretation of the Primitive Society and Reproductive Culture of “The Books of Songs”

聞一多的《詩經》研究，隨著民國以來的學術思潮，不僅從文學、考據學、歷史學的角度，還從社會學、文化人類學、文藝發生學、弗洛依德心理分析等現代理論與科學方法，帶讀者到《詩經》的時代，突破國學的種種局限，由傳統到現代，建立《詩經》研究的新範式，被推崇為民國以來研究《詩經》最有創獲的學者之一。在他的《詩經》研究中尤以對原始社會和生殖文化的揭示，最為鮮明獨特，而前人未曾將兩者合而觀之，多從生殖崇拜或泛性說《詩》一面探討，未能全面觀察兩者之間有何關聯，以及生殖崇拜生成的社會樣貌，而且對他泛性說《詩》也持較多的責難批評。本文擬從聞一多說《詩》的時代背景與方法，進而探討他說《詩》中的原始社會與生殖文化，分成原始社會的性欲、原始社會的婚姻與愛情、原始社會的生殖崇拜、原始社會的生殖符碼等方面，引用弗洛依德精神分析學、榮格原型理論、人類學家列維．布留爾《原始思維》、弗雷澤《金枝．巫術與原始宗教之研究》之觀點，探討他對原始社會與生殖文化的發掘。除了指出他有時不免過於從原始社會遺俗，或者詩人心理臆測，而忽視字詞訓解原則與詩義通暢，趨新太過，缺乏嚴謹考據之外。在破的同時，亦設法為其論點立。肯定他將《詩經》視為社會史料、文化史料，啟發後人研究上古生殖文化；並思考弗洛依德精神分析學說、文化人類學，能提供《詩經》研究何種幫助？《詩經》中有多少原始社會遺俗，可以提供上古社會與歷史研究材料？

With the transformation of academic thoughts in the Republic of China, Wen Yi-duo's study on “The Book of Songs” broke through the limitations of the study of Chinese literature because he applied modern theories and scientific methods such as the viewpoints form literature, textology, history, sociology, cultural anthropology, literary phylogenetics, and psychoanalysis of Freud to bring readers to the era of “The Book of Songs” and established a new example of the study on “The Book of Songs”. As a result, he was highly praised as one of the most brilliant scholars in the study of “The Book of Songs” since Republic of China. The most unique part of his study on “The Book of Songs” was his disclosure of primitive society and reproductive culture. Earlier scholars never integrated these two aspects and most of them simply investigated “The Book of Songs” from the viewpoint of reproduction worship or pansexualism, and failed to observe comprehensively the connection between these two aspects and the social appearance which contributed to reproduction worship. In addition, Wen censured and criticized the viewpoint from pansexualism. In this study, the life and education background of Wen are discussed to further investigate the disclosure of primitive society and reproduction culture in “The Book of Songs”. This study is divided into several aspects, including the sexual desire in primitive society, marriage and love in primitive society, reproduction worship in primitive society, and reproduction symbols in primitive society and theories such as psychoanalysis of Freud, Jung's archetype theory, “Primitive Mentality” of anthropologist, Levy-Bruhl, and viewpoints from Frazer's “The Golden Bough: a Study in Magic and Religion” are used to investigate Wen's disclosure of primitive society and reproduction culture. Besides pointing out his over-reliance on interpreting “The Book of Songs” from the viewpoint of primitive society or psychological speculation of a poet, omission of the principle for interpreting poems, and lack of rigorous textual research, his viewpoints are also summarized in the study. It is confirmed in this study the assistance in inspiring future study on ancient reproduction culture from Wen's viewpoint which regarded “The Book of Songs” as social historical records and cultural historical records. The value of investigating “The Book of Songs” from the viewpoints of Freud's psychoanalysis and cultural anthropology is further described. In addition, the primitive social customs left in “The Book of Songs” can be used as research materials for the study on ancient society and history is investigated as well.