著作權強制授權機制之研究——以不公平競爭下拒絕授權著作權為核心

Compulsory Licensing of Copyright-A Research on Refusal to License in Unfair Competition

強制授權是在實現著作權法之核心價值，即著作權法之利益平衡，求取著作人之財產權、公眾之言論自由及國家建構著作權制度保護著作權人、保障公眾之近用權間之平衡，因此應建構強制授權機制作為實現著作權利益平衡可能之選項。美國聯邦巡迴上訴法院 Data General Corporation v. Grumman Systems Support Corporation, Image Technical Services, Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Corporation等案均致力於調和著作權法與競爭法；至於歐盟法院，經歷 BBC v. Magill Publications, Tierce’ Ladbroke SA v. Commission of the European Communities, IMS Health v. Commission of the European, Microsoft Corp. v. Commission of the European Communities 等案，於 Ladbroke 案雖借用關鍵設施理論，而駁回原告請求強制授權之訴，然而於 Magill, IMS, Microsoft等案’則均正面肯認強制授權之措置。我國在面對不公平競爭下拒絕授權著作權之情況，現行可能相應處理的法律為公平交易法，然而縱然著作權人經認定違反公平交易法差別待遇之規定，必須經過「先行政、後司法」 程序，且結果至多亦僅能予以課處罰金，相對人仍然無法取得授權以進行創作而保障近用權。因此，本文建議針對不公平競爭拒絕授權著作權之情況，增訂強制授權之概括條款，以達到著作權之利益平衡及確保公平競爭。

While attention has been increasing, concern. Given such USA and European Taiwan to learn about to compulsory licensing system in patent law the one in copyright law receives less public cases have aroused a lot of discussion in the Commission alike, there are experiences for Taiwan to learn about. This article, firstly, analyzes how to strike a balance between copyright, freedom of speech, and culture rights, hoping to establish core values of copyright law. And then it further presents related cases of refusal to license copyright, introducing the European Copyright Code as a trend. In the end of the study, it is concluded that judicially-imposed compulsory license is not sufficient by suggesting to poise with the legislation of general compulsory licensing clauses.