城市、避暑與海濱休旅：晚清至1930年代的北戴河

The City and the Seaside: Constructing Leisure Culture and Space at Beidaihe, 1890s-1930s

本文通過位於河北省臨榆縣的著名海浴場北戴河，分析民國時期海濱及海浴在中國城市菁英及民眾新興的休旅文化中之位置。由於清末鐵路發展及西方人的經營，北戴河從無人知曉的地理「空間」，逐步演變成為擁有獨特性格、名聞中外的「地方」，中國人對海濱的用途和價值有全新的認知。1910年代，以朱啟鈐為首的中國城市菁英，組成「北戴河海濱公益會」，在聯峰山建構富中國傳統特色的人文景觀及休閒文化，賦予北戴河一層新的意義及地方感。1920年代，北戴河在中國逐漸成為家喻戶曉的海濱旅遊勝地。雖然能夠到北戴河旅遊避暑的主要是上流人士，但隨著有關北戴河的旅遊指南及遊記愈來愈多，未能親身到北戴河遊覽的民眾，也能通過旅遊出版物想像北戴河的景觀和意義。而公益會所經營的空間，既象徵階級的排他性，同時也發揮了民族認同的融和性。本文指出，北戴河的休旅空間的經營及其所承載的地方感之演變，不單反映當地中國人及西方人之間的權力關係，同時參與塑造城市菁英的民族及階級身分認同。

This article analyses the increasing importance of the seaside and sea-bathing to the leisure culture of Chinese urban elites and common people through a close study of Beidaihe. The most renowned seaside resort in North China, Beidaihe began to gain an iconic status in the late 1890s thanks to the newly-developed railway system. Attracted by its beautiful scenery and excellent qualities as a sea-bathing site, Westerners living in Tianjin and Beijing turned Beidaihe into an ideal seaside resort for escaping the summer heat. The nameless seaside “space” was gradually transformed into a “place” endowed with a distinct cultural identity, and attracted some Chinese urban elites to come and seek control over the area. They founded the Beidaihe Seaside Welfare Association in 1918 under the leadership of Zhu Qiqian, which managed to establish control in western Beidaihe and imbued the Western-style landscape of Beidaihe with Chinese cultural elements. Guidebooks and travel writings further popularized the image of Beidaihe as an ideal seaside resort among the Chinese population. This article argues that the changes in the spatial configurations and the sense of place of Beidaihe reflected the changing power relationships between the Chinese and Westerners, and helped shape the class and national identities of urban elites in Republican China.