近代中國寺廟破壞運動的空間特徵──以江南都市為重心

Spatial Features of Temple Destruction Campaigns in Modern Chinese Cities

本文旨在探討近代中國寺廟破壞運動在都市宗教生活中的空間特徵，以江南地區為主要範疇。首先概述民國以降的廟產興學、破除迷信等相關政策及其效應，並以上海、溫州兩地，從事案例分析，先以前者發行的城市指南等資料，考察當地寺廟在都市景觀中的變遷，並擴及溫州，比較寺廟破壞運動因地而異的情形，說明其程度往往與都市化、官方治理的程度密切相關。本文也指出，這股破壞風潮造成了民國都市宗教生態的鉅變，迫使都市信徒脫離義務性的宗教組織，香會等志願性團體則日趨興盛。此外，近代都市的宗教生活多半環繞企業型祠廟與儀式專家（尤其是靈媒）而展開，其背景則出自更為悠久、穩定的地方信仰傳統，這些都市神祠通常設在租來的店面或公寓，恍如臺灣神壇的前身。

This study explores how temple destruction campaigns shaped spatial aspects of religious life in modern Chinese cities. Previous scholarship has focused on top-down efforts to reform local cults and eradicate “superstition,” but we still know little about how this played out in Chinese cities. This article begins by summarizing background information about temple destruction campaigns undertaken in urban areas during the modern era. This is followed by an analysis of such campaigns according to two different conceptual frameworks. The first, based on a case study of Shanghai using archival sources and urban guidebooks, examines how temples were positioned in urban landscapes. The second, focusing on Wenzhou and its environs, considers how the impact of temple destruction campaigns could differ by area. The article’s conclusion assesses this data in light of larger changes in urban religious ecology. Urban networks of ascriptive temples and their territorial festivals tended to be more deeply impacted by anti-superstition policies and urban modernization, while pilgrimages fared better. In addition, the dynamism of modern urban religious life favored entrepreneurial shrines; many urban mediums had their own shrines, usually located in rented shops or street-level apartments.