明中晚期古本《大學》與《傳習錄》的流傳及影響

Wang Yang-ming School of Thought from the Middle through Late Ming Dynasty: The Circulation of the Chuanxi lu and Old Edition of The Great Learning and Its Effects

一門學術能夠流行並取得主流地位，其學術內容是最基礎也最關鍵的部分，但同時還必須加上一些外在的條件與優勢。明代王陽明學說之所以盛行，其中講學活動的流行，以及《傳習錄》與古本《大學》等書的刊刻流傳二事，正是王學得以在正德、嘉靖年間迅速流傳的重要助力。本文把焦點集中在後者。明中晚期許多人因讀《傳習錄》或古本《大學》而接受王學，許多傾向程朱學的人也因此轉入王學陣營，例如在江右王學的重鎮吉安府中，包括羅洪先這些學術領袖以及不少中下層士人在內，都是透過這些書籍接觸甚至接受王學。這些書籍流布的範圍十分廣泛，對學說傳播所能發揮的效果遂甚可觀，尹臺學術的轉向就是一個很好的例子。這也凸顯了在講學活動以外，書籍流布對學說的傳播及其對時人的影響之大。

The Wang Yang-ming 王陽明school of thought was very popular from the middle through late Ming Dynasty period. Even the Cheng Zhu 程朱 school, recognized officially as orthodox, could not compete with it during this time. The key factor for the superiority of Wang Yang-ming's school over the others is that it had its own distinct and creative philosophical thought and innovations. Those thoughts and innovations were spread and promulgated by Wang Yang-ming himself and his disciples through public lectures. The impact of these lectures on their contemporaries have been noted recently by modern scholars. Other than the public lectures, the Wang Yang-ming school had yet another way to make itself known. There were numerous booklets printed throughout the Jiangnan 江南region during the late imperial period, due to the development of printing technology since the Song Dynasty. For example, the Chuanxi lu 傳習錄and old edition of The Great Learning 大學, spread extensively and were widely available. By reading these two booklets, people could learn Wang Yang-ming's philosophical thought on their own. This was most convenient in areas where people were unable to attend the public lectures of Wang and his disciples. In the Chuanxi lu, Wang Yang-ming's most influential thoughts are recorded. As for the classic The Great Learning, Wang Yang-ming revived its old edition with his own commentaries, as opposed to Zhu Xi's 朱熹revised edition. These two works created a major shock in the current intellectual world. They played no less important of a role than the public lectures. Some people even converted to the Wang Yang-ming school simply because of reading these two booklets. The Ji'an 吉安school is a good example that will be discussed further in this paper article. In general, most people have been impressed by the Wang Yang-ming school because its public lectures. This paper, however, will attempt to show that these booklets also had a profound effect on the popularity of the school and dissemination of its philosophies, and this phenomenon is worthy of further study.