喪禮儀式中的空間象徵、遞變與倫理重整──以三禮書之喪禮空間象徵、轉化為核心進行探討

Spatial Symbolism and Ethical Significance in Funerary Rituals: Focusing on the Three Books of Rites

本文以《儀禮》所記喪禮的儀節為核心，並涵括《禮記》、《周禮》等相關禮儀經典，探討喪禮儀式中空間所具有的象徵與深度的倫理義涵。《儀禮》中所記載喪禮儀式過程十分繁複，充滿了層層過渡的義涵。透過亡者所處空間、家屬行禮空間、奠祭空間……的改變，以相應於死者生命狀態以及家族倫理關係的變化與重整。本文將透過不同倫理身分於喪禮空間的複雜呈現進行對比，如隨著喪禮階段的推移，亡者尸身與家屬守喪所呈現的一死一生、一向外一向內的空間象徵，以及奠祭空間中常與非常的更替、宮室空間的一毀一成的遞變……透過諸多不同倫理身分以及不同層次空間象徵的互相映照，以顯現喪禮空間的豐富且深度的義涵。儀式中的空間變化除了反映倫理關係的親疏遠近、尊卑、男女等身分的區別外，空間的淨化、毀壞和重整亦象徵著倫理關係的破裂與重整的過程，以及倫理關係重新確立之意義。

Focusing on funerary rites recorded in the Yili (儀禮 Book of Etiquette and Rites), and encompassing related records in the classics of rites the Liji (禮 記 Book of Rites) and Zhouli (周禮 Rites of Zhou), this paper explores the symbolism and profound ethical significance of the spaces in which funerary rites were performed. The Yili records complex funerary rituals with layers of transitional meaning. These layers of ritual transitions symbolize continuous changes in the states of existence of both the deceased and the living. The continual changes occurring in the spaces occupied by the deceased, in which the family members perform rites, and in which worship takes place, correspond to the changes in the life state of the deceased and restructuring of familial relations. Specifically, the space occupied by the deceased pushes from the inside outward, while the filial son’s mourning space pushes from the outside inward. The deceased’s ancestral tablet is continually replaced, and the space for ritual offerings transitions from its abnormal state to its normal state in the temple. Additionally, the space resided in by the deceased before death is destroyed and reconstituted, symbolizing the destruction and renewal of human relationships. The space in which family members mourn and carry out rites also carries profound and nuanced ethical meaning, deeply reflected in the space of the funerary hall, with important symbolic meanings attached to the southwest corner of the room, center of the room, windows, hall, steps to the east, and steps to the west during the ritual. Spatial changes during the ritual reflect distinctions between close and distant, superior and inferior, and male and female identities in ethical relationships; besides this, the purification, destruction, and reconstitution of spaces also symbolize the rupturing and restructuring of ethical relationships, as well as the significance of reestablishing these relationships.