論晚清小說對《水滸傳》「忠義」的演繹

Interpretations in late-Qing Fiction of the Loyalism in 'Outlaws of the Marsh'

發展至中西交會的變天之際，晚清作者在小說創作中召喚水滸敘事、嵌入水滸意象，反覆致意。本文就此觀察「水滸」出現於晚清書寫的意義及轉調：當作者召喚水滸，必使得文學傳統進入語象符碼的演繹中，經由衍生、裂變與轉化的過程，發生偏離與變異，展現其在新語境的意義。本文盡可能挖掘相關材料，先探討晚清文化界對於《水滸傳》的接受方式，當中隱藏著一套「彰顯∕遮蔽」的策略，恰能反映出時人的接收視角；其次，在時人對《水滸傳》的接收方式上，本文聚焦於「忠義」視角，觀察晚清小說人物回應宋江「忠義難兩全」的糾葛，以及晚清作者群對於「忠義」觀的「爭奪」；第三，處理「忠」與「義」的拉扯與磨合後，本文觀察最能承載「忠義」觀的空間－－「忠義堂」，進入新小說後的發展與轉調；最後，在「忠義」觀念的轉調下，本文探討原本屬於山寨性質的「梁山泊」的改變，從「面向朝廷」的「第二社會」轉向「面向世界」的「新中國」。

At a time of change borne of interaction between China and the West, late- Qing writers took inspiration from ”Outlaws of the Marsh” 水滸傳 in their works, drawing upon its narrative and imagery. This paper examines the meanings of the novel in late-Qing writing and the ways in which they were modulated: when writers employ The Marsh in their writings, the literary tradition by necessity enters into the deduction of linguistic symbols and codes. Through various transformative processes, the meanings of its symbols diverge and develop new meanings in a new linguistic context. Unearthing relevant materials, this study first explores the reception in late-Qing cultural circles of the ”Outlaws of the Marsh”. The way in which the novel was received conceals a set of strategies for covering and revealing aspects that writers wished to play down or magnify, and also reflects late-Qing reader reception. Secondly, with respect to this reception, this study then focuses on the question of loyalty, examining the responses of the characters in late-Qing fiction to the dilemma of divided loyalties, and the contention between late-Qing authors over differing views of loyalty. Thirdly, after resolving this tug-of-war between loyalty to ruler and loyalty to people, this study examines the development and modulations of the space most able to embody this view of loyalty, the Zhong Yi Tang 忠義堂, during the New Fiction era. Finally, this study discusses the changing qualities of the mountain fortress Liangshanbo 梁山泊 in this period, from that of a society within a society facing the imperial court, to a new China facing the world.