豐臣秀吉侵略朝鮮期間日軍在朝鮮半島之築城－－以日本史料為核心

City Walls Built in Korea by Invading Japanese Troops in the 1590s: Focusing on Japanese Historical Materials

豐臣秀吉於1592年和1597年兩次出兵朝鮮半島並在半島上築城，當時朝鮮稱這些城為「土窟」、「賊窟」、「賊壘」，戰爭結束後稱「倭城」，之後倭城成為定稱。倭城分狹義倭城和廣義倭城兩種，在半島南海岸營建的倭城屬狹義倭城；為連繫釜山、漢城、平壤及在其他佔領地建造或改修的城邑，則屬廣義倭城。1593年四月日軍從漢城撤退到半島南海岸，自七月中旬至八月下旬在西生浦與熊川之間營建十八個城。1597年日軍再度入侵朝鮮，此次在半島南海岸營建七個城。日軍無論在半島內陸或南部沿海岸，築城地之選擇基本上以鄰近河川和海灣、位處丘陵臺地或山頂、地理上之要地為原則。主要是為利於防備，便於運輸物資、兵員，及互相應援。日本國內築城擇地之思維，日軍也運用到朝鮮半島。此外，日本國內城郭建造的特點，如石墻、土墻、築地、狹間、水濠、乾濠、天守閣、角櫓、多聞櫓、櫓門、木戶門等，及選擇核心最高處為本丸，而以二丸、三丸圍繞，形成複郭多重防禦線的構造，在朝鮮半島日軍所建諸城中，亦或多或少可看到。倭城是在軍事緊張狀態下建造，其構造以符合軍事機能使用為前提。

In 1592 and 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi 豐臣秀吉 dispatched troops to the Korean Peninsula where they built city walls. After the war, these became known locally as wajō 倭城. Whether inland or along the southern coast of the peninsula, the Japanese chose to locate these walls near rivers and bays, hilltops and plateaus, and other strategically-important land. This was to make them easily defendable, allow the convenient transportation of materials and troops and facilitate mutual military reinforcement. Indeed, the same approach to choosing sites for fortification was used as in Japan. Similarly, many of the same features of city wall construction used in Japan can also be seen in the city walls built by Japanese troops on the Korean Peninsula. Wajō were constructed in an atmosphere of heightened military tension and so meeting the needs of the military was the primary consideration.