「理」、「利」、「力」：農民參軍與中共土地改革之關係考（1946-1949）──以冀中、北嶽、冀南三個地區為例

“Position,” “Advantage,” and “Power”: The Relationship of Peasant Military Recruitment and the Chinese Communist Land Reform

農民參軍與土地改革之間的關係，是中共革命史的一個經典命題。1946-1949年華北解放區冀中、北嶽、冀南三個地區的實證研究，為此提供了事實依據和基本解釋。土地改革的確獲得了農民的擁護，大陸學界的傳統看法凸顯土地改革對農民參軍的正面作用並非空穴來風，一些農民接受了土改報恩和保衛果實之「理」而自願參軍，這是同一時期國民黨以及歷史上的其他政權幾乎未曾有過的。不過，對此不可過於誇大。農民擁護土改與積極參加不能劃等號，事實上，更多的農民並不為土改翻身所動，不但不願意參軍，甚至躲避和抵制參軍。農民參軍主要是其他因素所導致的，一是為了索要各種私「利」而參軍，有些地方幹部甚至迎合和利用了農民的這一特性，被動地滿足其要求；另一種是受外部強「力」的作用而參軍。有的統計數據表明，兩種情況各占到新兵總數的三分之一乃至接近一半。總之，中共革命策略與民間傳統的互動所形成的「理」、「利」、「力」三個方面的合力，才能解釋農民參軍的心態和行為，這正是中共革命複雜性、艱巨性的真實反映。但在後來大陸學界的主流論著中，僅看到了「理」的光輝，而避開了「利」、「力」的一面。其實，無論因「理」，或因「利」、「力」而參軍的農民，都是中共奪取政權不可或缺的重要力量。

The strong correlation between peasants' joining the army and land reform is widely accepted in scholarship on the Chinese Communist revolution. This view is based on studies of the liberated areas of north China during the period from 1946 to 1949. It is true that the land reform was supported by peasants, and with considerable justification Mainland scholars generally hold that land reform encouraged peasants to join the army due to their ＂position＂ in the reform process. However, the effect should not be exaggerated. In fact, more peasants were not inspired by land reform and did not believe it could make them ＂masters of the country＂ and so were not only unwilling to join the army but even resisted recruitment. Peasants were motivated to join the army primarily for other reasons. First, to seek this own ＂advantage＂; and second, due to the strong ＂power＂ that forced peasants to join the army. The number of new soldiers recruited through these two factors accounts for more than one-third of the total. Therefore, ＂position,＂ ＂advantage,＂ and ＂power＂ all influenced peasants to join the army, a reflection of the complexity and difficulty of the Chinese Communist revolution.