殖民知識的生產與再建構——「滿洲國」時期的古物調查工作

Production and Reconstruction of Colonial Knowledge: Antiquities Surveys and Activities in the Manchukuo Period

滿洲國的各種文化活動如何協助日本殖民工作，並在第二次世界大戰結束後繼續保留下來？本文以古物調查工作為例，探討滿洲國在日本帝國殖民史上的角色，並勾勒帝國主義與知識之間的關係。由於1930年代東亞民族與國家主權意識的高漲，滿洲國訂立有關保存古物的法律，並與日本進行「合作」之學術調查。雖然調查工作本身有其軍事和政治之目的，可是它們卻符合滿洲國與日本雙方各自需求。「日滿文化協會」不但是進行這方面調查的半官方組織，也是解決古物所有權的辦法之一。通過調查古物，日本探詢各項經濟、自然資源，又藉此肅清各地抗日勢力，同時反思自身學術發展；滿洲國則確立自己繼承清朝的淵源，尋求立國的合法性基礎。一方面，古物調查從歷史裡打造「東亞共榮」傳統外，另一方面則吸引了中國「協力者」的參與。歷經數次不同政權的統治，這些「協力者」以地方意識為訴求，繼續發展有關「滿洲」的學術與知識。

How did various cultural activities sponsored in Manchukuo help the Japanese colonial regime work, and how did they continue even after the end of World War II? Taking the case of antiquities surveys, this article explores the role of Manchukuo in the colonial history of the Japanese Empire, highlighting the relationship between imperialism and knowledge. Given the rising awareness of national sovereignty across East Asia the 1930s, Manchukuo promulgated laws relating to preservation of antiquities and began a ＂cooperative＂ project with Japan to conduct academic surveys. Although surveys had their military and political purposes, they also corresponded with the needs of Manchukuo and Japan. The Cultural Association of Japan and Manchukuo was a semi-official organization that carried surveys and also helped resolve the ownership of antiquities. Japan could also search for Chinese economic and natural resources, and even eliminate anti-Japanese forces. In addition, Manchukuo established its origins in the Qing Dynasty, strengthening its legitimacy as heir to the Qing. The investigation of antiquities was designed to create an ＂East Asia Co-Prosperity＂ tradition and attract Chinese collaborators' participation in the development of ＂Manchurian＂ academic research and knowledge.