行獵詰戎——康、乾兩帝圍獵殪虎的意義與虎槍營的演變

Hunting and Military Training: The Significance of Tiger-Hunting to the Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors and the Evolution of the Tiger Spear Brigade

行獵結合軍事訓練是滿洲的文化傳統，行獵視同行軍，是大清武功立國根本基業。康熙帝承襲滿洲傳統，推展弓馬騎射不遺餘力，並藉由各種機會，經常行獵，親身示範以作為兒孫臣工學習的榜樣。康熙帝愛好打獵，平生獵獲諸獸無數，曾殺虎百餘頭，是古代帝王之冠。康熙帝之後的清帝，除乾隆帝能繼承祖宗家法外，其餘諸帝武藝平庸，難望康熙帝之項背。探討康熙帝和乾隆帝殪虎事蹟，對照後代諸帝武藝廢弛，可作為觀察清朝國勢發展變化的重要指標，值得深入探究。本文利用官書檔案、清代筆記、傳教士日記和書信等資料，從康、乾二帝獵虎事蹟和意義、虎槍營設立的意義與相關制度的發展等方面切入，進而探究康、乾二帝圍獵殪虎的意義與虎槍營的演變。

The integration of hunting and military training was a Manchu cultural tradition. Hunting, like marching, was viewed as a training activity that formed the essential foundation of Qing military strength. In following this ancestral tradition, the Kangxi Emperor 康熙帝 spared no effort to promote the practices of archery and horsemanship, and by seizing every possible chance to go hunting himself, became a role model to his descendants and government officials. The Kangxi Emperor was a particularly keen hunter, known to have killed countless animals in his lifetime. This included more than a hundred tigers, more than any ruler of ancient times. Of the Qing dynasty emperors that followed, only the Qianlong Emperor 乾隆帝 was able to better the Kangxi Emperor’s hunting achievements. When viewed in contrast with the relatively mediocre hunting records of the later rulers of the Qing Dynasty, the Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors’ tiger-hunting records may serve as an important indicator of changing dynastic strength. This study therefore reviews official publications and documents, contemporary notes, and missionary diaries and letters to discuss the significance of tiger-hunting to these two great emperors and the evolution of the Tiger Spear Brigade.