總理衙門初期形態與章京名錄小考——《四柏軒雅集啟》釋論

Characteristics of the Zongli Yamen in Its Early Time and the Directory of the Secretaries of the Zongli Yamen: A Textual Research on 'the Record of the Sibaixuan Elegant Party'

本文對晚清方濬師著《蕉軒隨錄》中一則筆記《四柏軒雅集啟》進行詳細釋論。該啟文作於同治二年秋總理衙門章京為該衙門首任總辦長善所舉行的離職送別會上，作者方濬師是該衙門最早入署的章京之一。以往關於總理衙門的研究因史料所限，不但無法詳述總理衙門運作的特點，在人物研究上，僅能就少數的總理衙門大臣進行展開。而《四柏軒雅集啟》不但透露了許多總理衙門初期運作的特點，同時也提供了一份參與該次集會的章京名錄，該名錄包括時任章京這一負責總理衙門日常運作的中級官員的全體。本文除對啟文中提到的總理衙門初期運作的特點進行闡釋外，還對啟文提供的章京人名進行逐一考證，大致弄清他們的出身、選任、升遷情況，探討總理衙門初期的用人標準、升遷規則及可能對晚清外交造成的影響，由此探尋中國早期外交人事制度的特徵。

This essay is a textural research on “the Record of the Sibaixuan Elegant Party”(四柏軒雅集啟), one of the short notes in Jiaoxuan Suilu（蕉軒隨錄）, whose author was Fang Junshi（方濬師）, a Secretary（Zhangjing 章京） of the Zongli Yamen（總理衙門） from 1862 to 1868. This note was written in the autumn of 1863, when the first chief secretary in the Yamen, Changshan （長善） was promoted to a higher post and going to leave the Yamen and all secretaries gathered together to send off him. This note reveals some important characteristics of the Zongli Yamen in its early time, and it also offers an intact directory of secretaries, who were arranged to deal with daily affairs of the Zongli Yamen. Based on the textural research and the examination of secretaries’ personnel information, such as their origins, nominations and promotions, this essay demonstrates some characteristics of the “Foreign Office” in early modern China.