晚明羅教和佛教勢力的相依與對峙－－以《五部六冊》和《嘉興藏》刊刻為例

Interdependence and Rivalry between Buddhism and Luo in the late Ming Dynasty: From the Publication of 'Five Scriptures and Six Texts' and 'Jiaxing Tripitaka'

明代中葉以後，尤其是嘉、萬年間民間新興宗教相繼興起，這股勢力的崛起及其快速的成長，對佛教造成重大的威脅。相互之間為了吸引更多信眾的認同與各自的發展，難免形成緊張的對立態勢及激烈的競逐關係。根據相關研究指出，此時羅教與佛教雙方處於互為滋長而難以劃清界線的一種既衝突又融合的微妙關係。故本文透過晚明佛教嘉興大藏經與羅教五部六冊的刊行流布，觀察參與贊助其事、崇奉其教之信眾的社會身分、宗教認同及其相互之間的對應態度，進一步勾勒出雙方發展關係之實體。看似佛教的羅教，它的崛起確實瓜分了佛教的相當社會資源。加上雙方膠著的關係，混淆了僧俗的信仰認知，尤其僧尼反而成為促進新興宗教興起的重要推手，而雙方在資源取得路徑上的高度重疊，更促使相互競爭越趨緊張。但無論如何，羅教的快速成長雖然帶給佛教生存上的危機，然而就在這樣的刺激與挑戰下，促進了晚明佛教的覺醒，成為晚明佛教有思振興的重要契機，嘉興藏的刊刻，便是晚明佛教復興的重要舉措之一。因此在佛教與羅教互為批判、對峙的衝突畫面當中，也具體看到它們在相互依存、競爭下所凝集而出的正面結果。

There was a dramatic and rapid growth in new religions after the mid-Ming especially during the years of Jiaxing and Wanli. For Buddhism, these new religions had become strong rivals in attracting believers and the religious development. According to some academic documents, Luo (a new religion) and Buddhism were in a subtle relationship of co-dependence and competition. This investigation observed the social identities of the believers and contributors and also their recognitions and attitudes to religions in the publication and spreading of ”Five Scriptures and Six Texts” and ”Jiaxing Tripitaka”, which revealed and outlined the relationship between Luo and Buddhism during the late Ming. With similarities to Buddhism, the rising of Luo and its religious confusion definitely grabbed a substantial social resource from Buddhism. Some monks and nuns even became the important facilitators for the new religion. However, the rapid growth of Luo also stimulated the awakening and renaissance of Buddhism. The publication and spreading of ”Jiaxing Tripitaka” in the late Ming is one of the examples of the positive effect of their rivalry.