國際民商事合同中的默示選法問題研究

Research on Implied Choice of Law in International Civil and Commercial Contracts

在國際民商事合同的法律適用問題上，尊重當事人默示選法的意圖，得到國內法與國際條約層面的廣泛接受。但當事人默示選法在理論上還存在諸多爭論。當事人的默示選法應當是對當事人業已存在的默示選法意圖之認定，而不是對其選法意圖的推定或假設，而且，當事人的默示選法在本質上是明示選法的一種特殊形式。在實踐中，據以確定默示選法的因素包括仲裁（法院）選擇條款、相關交易中的法律選擇條款、在合同中“提及” 或“併入”某國法律以及標準格式合同等。在認定當事人的默示選法時，應將上述指示因素以及合同和案件的整體情況綜合起來一併考量。現有條約和國內法實踐表明，對於默示選法的證明要求問題，各國尚未形成一致做法。我們應該在承認當事人默示選法的前提下，一方面要嚴格默示選法的證明要求，另一方面要進一步明確默示選法實施過程中應注意的相關難題。

As for the Problems of the law applicable to international civil and commercial contracts, respecting the parties' intention of implied choice of law has been broadly accepted on the levels of domestic law and international treaty law. There are also many academic arguments concerning implied choice of law. The parties' implied choice of law shall be the ascertainment of the parties' actually existing intention rather than presumed intention or hypothetical intention. Furthermore, the parties' implied choice of law should be treated as a special form of express choice of law substantially. In practice, the indicators used to ascertain the parties' implied choice of law include the selection of arbitration (court) clause, the choice of law clause in relevant transaction, the contract referred to a national law or incorporated the above law into the contract as well as the contracts with standard form. In determining the parties' implied choice of law, the above indicators must be considered as a whole with the terms and other circumstances of the contract. Correlative practices on the levels of international treaty law and domestic law have demonstrated that there exists no formed consistency on the problem of the testing requirement of implied choice of law. On the precondition of the recognition of implied choice of law, we should impose strict standard on its proof on the one hand, and further to clarify the difficult questions which should be noticed in the implementation of implied choice of law on the other hand.