韓國FTA政策轉變的政治分析

A Political Analysis of the Transformation in South Korea's FTA Policy

1997亞洲金融風暴之後，韓國政府開始嘗試推動區域性的雙邊FTA協議。在此之後，不論是進步派政府，亦或是保守政派執政，韓國政府都將「推動FTA政策」，視為帶動韓國產業轉型的重要經濟戰略。相較於韓國簽訂FTA上的成功與積極表現，對洽簽FTA面臨困境，同時又在第三地出口市場與韓國高度競爭的台灣來說，猶如雪上加霜。然而，對台灣來說，瞭解韓國政府如何推動其FTA政策有其必要性與重要性。對正常的民主國家來說，內部政治的賽局絕對會比外部政治賽局更加重要，因為執政者之正當性來源並非出自於國際社會，而是來自其內部民眾的支持。由於FTA政策的推動，必須與其他國家進行協商，因此具有外交政策的特性；但簽訂FTA的效果卻將深刻地影響一國的政經發展，因此不能忽略國內政治對FTA政策的影響。從韓國簽訂FTA的過程中，我們可以得知，經貿談判協商之結果將直接影響到在地民眾之生活。因此，即便是面對過去主張有機密性與專業性的外交經貿領域，韓國民眾越來越不想只做為單方面接受其影響的被動旁觀者。而定期民主選舉機制，使得韓國總統候選人必須在競選時廣納民意，並在執政後設法實現其競選訴求。這也是為何韓國政府在積極推廣FTA全球布局之際，必需要費心對內進行溝通與宣傳，甚至還必須制定出通商程序法的最重要因素。因此，韓國簽訂外交經貿協定時所強調的「協商的透明性」、「公民的參與性」以及「國會的監督性」，將是日後台灣簽訂經貿協定時，必須留心的關鍵課題。

Ever since the Asian financial crisis broke out in 1997, the South Korean government has initiated the regional bilateral FTA and ＂Promoting FTA＂ has become an important economic strategy driving the industrial transformation. While South Korea being successfully and actively in launching FTA, the internal political game is far more far more important than the externals for a normal democratic country because the legitimacy of the government is rooted in the inner support from the people. However, the impact resulted from FTA on domestic politics can never be overlooked for the signing of FTA places a profound influence on the political and economic development of a country. As the results of trade agreement have direct impact on the daily life of the people, more and more Koreans refuse to be just passive bystanders even to the diplomatic and trade affairs which were previously viewed as confidential and professional fields. Furthermore, as the democratic election mechanism has pushed the presidential candidates to solicit public opinion during the campaign, the Korean government has emphasizes internal communication and advertisement and even enacted the ＂Law of Trade Negotiation Procedure.＂