理念與境遇－－以朱熹《四書集註》為討論範圍

An Exposition of Ideal and Situation: form Confucius to Zhu-x

哲學首先需要面對的是現實困境中的種種問題，是對現實社會問題的反思。先秦儒家在考察古代社會的發展進程之後認定，人的生存首先是整體的生存，社會就是人的整體生存的唯一方式，而人的終極命運與社會的合理結構之間存在著某種必然的聯繫。於是儒家由宗法性的封建社會中尋得了「仁」與「義」。「仁」是親親，是人的社會存在的自然內容；義是尊尊，是人的社會存在的自然形式，是社會秩序化的基礎。仁與義的結合，親親與尊尊的平衡，是社會的本然結構，也是個人生存的本然結構。此兩者成為宋代理學家心目中至高無上的道德普遍原則，具有不可移易的「經」的地位。但是隨著現實際遇的不斷變化，普遍原則必須加以適當的調整才能適應具體的境遇。為求了解做為普世價值的「經」在具體境遇中的實際運用，筆者檢具朱熹（1130-200）《四書集註》中有關境遇倫理的討論，並參酌歷來有關境遇倫理的批評，推究朱熹詮釋的依據及目的，以及儒學在實際生活中的適用性，期以還原朱熹透過詮釋所欲表達的真正內涵。

Philosophy firstly needs to face all kinds of problems of the hardship in real life. After the traditional Confucian scholars studied the evolution of a society, they surely claimed that the survival of a human is the survival of an entity. Society is the only way that a human can exist in. And there is a certain relation between a human’s ultimate destiny and a society’s reasonable structure. So, the Confucian scholars discovered Juzi（仁）and Yi（義）from a patriarchal and feudal clan system. Juzi and Yi became the foremost moral principles followed by Sung Dynasty’s Confucian scholars. However, with the changes in real life, the two principles should be revised to meet the needs of new situations. In order to further understand how “Jing” （經）was applied in real life, the author studied Zhu-xi’s debates on the explanatory notes of The Four Books and examined the resources and objectives of Zhu-xi’s interpretation. Then the author found that the moral theories of the Sung Neo-Confucian scholars can be applied in real life and the original interpretation by Zhu-xi can be restored.