跨越性別的界線：十八至十九世紀英國女性和男性的變裝行為

Transgressing the Boundaries of Gender:Cross-Dressing Women and Men in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Britain

本文探究了十八和十九世紀英國的觀察家和法律權威是如何理解及規範女性和男性的變裝行為。本文發現觀察家和法律權威對於女人和男人變裝的動機有著不同的假設，這使得他們採取截然不同的方式來對待女性和男性變裝者。具體來說，在這段時期，女人在性別角色上的倒錯並未被視為其在性行為上亦會逾越性別界線的證據；與之相反，男人穿上女裝的行為則被與男性同性性行為連結在一起。女性變裝者因而少受規範，男性變裝者則受到嚴格地監控與處置。這使得男性變裝者比女性變裝者更積極於發展標準化說辭來辯護其行為。本文主張，性別角色倒錯並不一定會被定義為具有顛覆性的行為；僅有在性別角色倒錯被與性慾倒錯掛鉤在一起時，變裝行為才會被視為具有威脅性。

In 1962, Professor Ping-ti Ho published his book on Chinese civil service examination and social mobility, The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368-1911. This is a first-class contribution to the subject of social mobility in traditional China. It has almost exhausted the existing data which may be treated statistically and which bears on the subject through the family background of members of the elite class in that society. As his primary source, he uses lists of holders of economic degrees which, according to Chinese law, include each candidate's ancestry for three generations. He also makes use of other sources, such as government statutes, certain local history, biographies, genealogies, and some works of contemporary observers. This book is a classic for all of the students of Chinese Studies and social sciences in past 50 years. It has been translated into Italian, Korean and Japanese since its publication. Yet, the most wanted Chinese version of this book has not published. Therefore, with Professor Ho's blessing, I proposed a project to translate The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368-1911 (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1967.) into Chinese with connoted notes. This is the fifth chapter, 'Factors Affecting Social Mobility.'