閱讀障礙學生文字辨識自動化處理之分析研究

An Analysis of Automatic Processing of Word Recognition in Dyslexics

本研究旨在探討中文閱讀障礙學生，文字辨認自動化處理的缺陷，及其可能的原因。雖然不少研究發現，文字辨認處理無法自動化，是閱讀障礙者閱讀困難的重要原因，但對於無法自動化處理的內在本質，則較少探討。為探討此問題，本研究選擇閱讀障礙學生，和文字辨認已經達到自動化處理之一般閱讀能力學生，比較其在字彙判斷、字音判斷、音調判斷、聲母（或韻母）包含判斷、部首（或部件）判斷、同字判斷等六項作業上之反應時間差異。受試者在這些作業上之反應時間，反映其文字辨認的處理速度、對詞彙的整體和部分的音韻訊息，及詞彙的整體和部分的字形結構組成的知覺處理速度。研究結果發現，閱讀障礙學生的文字辨認反應時間，顯著地長於一般閱讀能力學生之反應時間，顯示其文字辨認並未達到自動化的程度。再者，研究亦發現，閱讀障礙學生，對詞彙的整體和部分音韻訊息、以及詞彙的部分字形結構組成的知覺處理，其反應時間皆顯著地長於一般閱讀能力學生之反應時間。這些結果暗示，就文字辨認自動化發展而言，閱讀障礙學生對詞彙的音韻訊息處理較有困難，而其文字辨認無法自動化，主要原因是對詞彙的音韻訊息提取，以及對詞彙的細部字形結構組成的知覺辨認，無法純熟快速。

This study was conducted to investigate deficits that Chinese dyslexics might have in the automatic processing of word recognition, and possible causes of the deficits. Although it has been shown by studies that the lack of automaticity of word recognition is an important cause that contributes to dyslexics' reading difficulties, the nature of failure in the automaticity of word recognition is less addressed by researchers. To explore the question, the study employed subjects of dyslexics and normal readers whose word recognition can complete in an automatic level. Response times of the subjects were compared on tasks of lexical decision and perceptual verifications of word and subwords' phonological and orthographic information. The nature of automaticity of word recognition is presumably revealed by comparing response times of the subjects on the tasks.The results of the study showed that response times of dyslexics in lexical decision were significantly longer than those of normal readers, indicating that word recognition in dyslexics is not automatic. Moreover, the results also showed that response times of dyslexics in perceptual processing of word and subwords' phonological information, and subwords' orthographic information were significantly longer than those of normal readers. These results suggested that dyslexics present more difficulties in phonological processing of words with respect to the development of automaticity of word recognition, and that the disability of dyslexics to recognize words automatically is due to attentional retrieval of word and subwords' phonology, and slow perception of subwords' orthography.