個案研究：一個極重度障礙者的休閒技能訓練

A CASE STUDY ON TEACHING A PROFOUNDLY MENTAL RETARDED GIRL TO USE MICROSWITCHES IN A LEISURE SKILL

本研究的主要目的在於檢視以微電開關訓練重度及極重度殘障者的休閒技能之效果。訓練是在一所中學的重度及極重度班級實施，訓練的目標是要個案（一個15歲11個月兼有腦性麻痺的極重度智能不足的女孩）能用手及下巴操作微電腦開關去從事休閒活動（譬如聽音樂），微電開關是按在一個電池操作的錄音機上。本研究的結果採用“多重因素設計（Multiple element design）”評估。增強設計乃針對個案的喜好而定，工作分析亦依個案的需要而定。在基準線階段，個案所使用的微電開關係接在一個內裝空白錄音帶的錄音機上。在訓練階段（使用增強）微電開關乃是被接在裝音樂帶的錄音機上；當微電開關運轉時，個案的動作操作顯著地增加。

This study examined the effectiveness of the microswitch in teaching a leisure skill to a student with severe and profound handicaps. Trainig took place in the classroom setting of an integrated middle school. The student was trained to perform a designated motoric response, using the hand or the chin to activate a microswitch to engage in leisure activity, (i,e, listening to music). The microswith was connected to a battery-operated tape player. The results of this present study were evaluated through a multiple element design. Reinforcement was individualized according to student preference. Task analyses were developed according to student needs. During the baseline the student was provided with the switch and a tape player with blank tape. However, during the training conditions, the switch activated the tape player which played a tape. When the microswitch activated the tape player, a substantial increase in the percentage of motoric responding occurred.