新加坡國會選舉制度

Parliamentary Electoral System in Singapore

民主國家的重要指標之一是其政府產生的方式，尤是監督行政部 門的國 會議 員是如 何產 生 的。本 文重 點在探 討新 加 坡國會 的選 舉制 度。新加坡國會議員的產生方式與其他國家有很大的不同之處，其國 會議員有三類：非選區議員、官委議員、和民選議員，以民選議員為 主。民選議員產生的方式基本上是採取單一選票不轉讓多數制。但與 眾不同的是選區的劃分，除了單一選區外，尚有集選區，而以集選區 的名額為多，造成得票率與得席率很大的落差。尤有甚者，執政的人 民行動黨以勝選執政為目的，任意劃分有利於已的集選區，並利用其 執政權力設立各種不利於反對勢力的規定和措施，甚至是打壓，使新 加坡的反對勢力根本沒有機會與其競爭。過去幾十年來人民行動黨的 得票率約七成左右，但國會席位的佔有率均在九成以上，執政地位穩 如泰山。這是它的選舉制度所造成，社會雖有改革之聲，但政府的選 制改革尚未能促使國會選舉競爭更加公平。

Electoral system is a major element of a democracy, particularly for parliament which watches over the executive branch of the government. This paper examines parliamentary electoral system of Singapore. Singapore's parliament is composed of three categories of members: Non-Constituency Members, Nominated Members, and Constituency-Elected Members. Constituency-Elected Members account for a large majority of the parliament. The election is through Single Non-transferrable Vote by plurality which tends to favor large parties in winning seats. A unique feature of the electoral system is that in addition to Single-Member Constituencies, there are “Group Representation Constituencies” from which most members were elected. This system causes an emphatic disparity between the popular votes and the parliamentary seats won. The ruling party, the People's Action Party (PAP), draws constituencies in such ways that give undue advantage to the ruling party. Furthermore, the ruling party adopts various regulations and measures to suppress the opposition. Thus the PAP has ruled Singapore for decades with approximately 70% of popular votes but 90% of parliamentary seats. There have been talks of electoral reforms but the ruling party has not been willing to make the electoral system a truly level field for competition.