從健康促進到贏得獎牌：蘇格蘭運動與身體活動政策發展探析

From health promotion to winning medals: A policy analysis for the development of scottish sport and physical activity

緒論：蘇格蘭因其政治與經濟的地位，其運動政策有特殊且完整的發展，特別是強調在培養運動文化、改善公共健康和增強社會福祉方面的重要性。本研究旨在對蘇格蘭的運動與身體活動政策環境進行回顧，重點關注在促進該國運動與身體活動參與和發展的策略和倡議，並分析運動與身體活動政策的各個發展軌跡與面向。方法：採用個案研究方法，透過質性內容分析與深度訪談政策制定單位、學校體育、全民運動、競技運動政策涉入者及專家學者。以治理理論框架分析蘇格蘭運動政策的制定與實施過程中，單位組織在兢爭與合作所扮演的角色與執行的任務，乃至於政策實施、預設目標等現況分析。結果：本研究揭示蘇格蘭不同時期的政策內涵。蘇格蘭的運動政策初期以提升運動參與率為主，政策目標方向期待成為一個國民能盡情運動的國家，爾後利用大型賽會促進運動政策完整化，最終成為世界運動表現國家。此外，利用與政府國家表現框架的結合，蘇格蘭建立專屬的運動發展系統。結論：政策學習、知識交流和跨國合作是蘇格蘭運動政策的特色，其強調基於證據的決策、借鑒過去的政策經驗，並適應蘇格蘭獨特的挑戰和機遇，以應對當前情境的重要性。以健康與福祉為主要發展方向的運動策略，因應快速變化的社會，結合官方、半官方及非官方組織共同擬定輔助發展策略，使蘇格蘭的運動政策能隨著人們運動習慣的改變而改變。蘇格蘭政府更利用舉辦賽會所獲得的外部資源，建立完善的運動環境，使人們能夠提升運動機會，享受運動的便利性，最終運動策略的基礎越發完整，屬於蘇格蘭人的世界級運動系統亦逐漸成形。

Introduction: Sport policies in developed countries have been a focal point of policy research and analysis in Taiwan. In previous analyses of sport policies, the focus has mainly been on ''England'' when discussing relevant research on the United Kingdom. However, within the context of UK sport policies, Scotland has a unique and comprehensive development in sport policies due to its political and economic status. Specifically, it emphasises the importance of cultivating a sporting culture, improving public health, and enhancing social well-being. This research aims to comprehensively analyse Scotland's sport and physical activity policy environment, with a particular focus on strategies and initiatives to promote sport participation and development in the country. The study explores the various dimensions of sport and physical activity policies, including their objectives, implementation methods, and outcomes, to gain insights into their effectiveness and impact. Methods: The study employs a case study approach with qualitative content analysis and in-depth interviews. Interviews were conducted with policy-making agencies, school sport representatives, participants in nationwide sport initiatives, performance sport policy stakeholders, and scholars. Using a governance theory framework, the researcher will explore the roles and tasks played by different organisational units in the formulation and implementation processes of Scotland's sport and physical activity policies under the competition and contention for power. The current policy implementation, predetermined goals, and other aspects are analysed in light of the competition's outcomes. Results: This study reveals the various dimensions encompassed by Scotland's sport policies. The researchers found that Scotland's initial sport policies primarily focused on enhancing active level and driving the development of performance sport. The policy objectives aimed to transform Scotland into a nation where its citizens can fully engage in sport and become a country capable of nurturing athletes and gaining international recognition. The approach of utilising large-scale sporting events helped to complete the sport policies, ultimately positioning Scotland as a nation capable of achieving world-class sporting performance. Additionally, Scotland is establishing its dedicated sport development system by integrating with the National Performance Framework. Policy learning, knowledge exchange, and cross-national collaborations are distinctive features of Scotland's sport policies. These policies emphasise evidencebased decision-making, learning from past policy experiences, and adapting strategies to address the unique challenges and opportunities present in Scotland's context. Conclusion: Scotland's sport strategy primarily prioritises health and well-being as its main development direction for sport. The strategy explicitly outlines Scotland's future policy goals. Scottish sport policies were jointly formulated by official, semi-official, and non-official organisations to adapt to the rapidly changing society, establishing complementary development strategies that can adjust along with people's changing exercise habits. In addition to fostering comprehensive organisational cooperation, the Scottish government utilises external resources acquired through hosting sporting events to renovate various venues and sport facilities, creating a more refined sport environment that provides enhanced opportunities for sport participation and enjoyment of sport convenience. With the continued development of sport policies, Scotland's world-class sport system for its people gradually takes shape.