解析勞動檢查資料以分析當前台灣勞動條件現況──高工時與低工資的影響結構

Analyzing the Current Status of Labor Conditions in Taiwan from Labor Inspection: the Structure of Influence Factors among High Working Hours and Low Wages

本文之研究目的為依據我國近年來實施勞動檢查，從檢查結果的數據、各縣市政府執行檢查工作的執法者、接受檢查之企業人資人員等多元角度，從勞動檢查資料解析當前勞動條件的樣貌。經以數據資料、座談、深度訪談進行分析，主要發現如下：一、高工時成因（一）農業縣勞資雙方通常會非正式的協調好，且員工對於勞動法令規定並不熟悉，即比較不會有申訴或檢舉案件。（二）傳統產業制度不健全或多有急單的製造業，因趕工而多超時加班。（三）工作流程具有待命特性，易衍生實際出勤但不被列入工作時間。（四）企業規模小、並未設置人力資源部門或專職人員，易有違反工時規定現象。（五）年齡偏高且教育程度低者易落入不具競爭力產業，這類產業通常經常性薪資低，需以超時加班提升個人薪資。二、低薪成因（一）農業縣都市化程度低之區域，產業生產效率低且低利潤，勞動市場普遍無法提高聘僱薪資。（二）許多服務業因雇主認為產值不高，因此普遍不願意提升薪資徵聘員工。（三）企業規模小、獲利能力低者，多以接近最低工資水準招募員工。（四）低薪與科系類別在勞動市場中較缺乏工作機會者，致使這些科系的尋職者必須尋找與自己學系較無關的工作。

The purpose of this research aims to explore the characteristics of enterprises that violate labor laws discovering from labor inspection. After collecting the data from seminars and in-depth interviews, it is found that there are different contents in violation of labor laws due to industrial differences, and the differences in social culture between northern and southern of Taiwan. The causes of high working hours and low wages are different as well. Basically, high working hours and low wages interact with each other. The factors as followings: 1. As long as employees and employers are negotiated completely, employees will accept what the employers proposed regarding labor conditions due to not familiar with the provisions of the labor law. 2. In the manufacturing industry overtime happens occasionally due to a lot of emergent order. 3. Due to frequently standby in the working process, actual attendance is easy to be excluded from working hours. 4. Companies small in scale, without human resource departments or HR specialist are more likely to violate the rules of working hours. 5. Those who are older and less educated tend to have low remuneration and need to work overtime to increase personal salary. The causes of low wages as followings: 1. In areas with low urbanization, companies usually cannot raise salaries or even lower than the minimum wage due to inefficient production and low-profit. 2. Many service industries are generally not willing to raise salaries to recruit employees.3. If the company are small in scale, they will recruit employees by offering minimum wage level.4. Low-paying and majors are associated. Job seekers with majors which are not competitive in labor market must find jobs that are not related to their majors.