以字為謚——論追贈鄭俠之〈謚議〉

Applying Courtesy Name to Posthumous Name-Reading Two Petitions for Bestowing Posthumous Name upon Zheng Xia

宋神宗熙寧七年（1074），鄭俠以監安上門吏之身份，將百姓不堪青苗法之弊，顛連流離之苦，繪圖並狀，越職冒死以上。神宗因此敕罷新法不便民者共十八事，王安石（1021-1086）亦遭罷相，出知江寧。呂惠卿（1032-1111）繼任宰執，鄭俠復繪〈正直君子邪曲小人事業圖跡〉兩軸，以刺惠卿之徒實為賊本。耿直之風骨一時振動朝野。南宋孝宗（1163-1189）時，太常博士劉靖之（1128-1178）首請賜鄭俠謚號之議，未果；寧宗嘉定七年（1214），李道傳（1170-1217）再提仍未被接納。以鄭俠沒後近百年，請賜謚的建議兩度被提出，其中所反映的現象頗令人好奇；而賜謚最終仍未果的原因，亦頗值得探討。本文擬以鄭俠《西塘集•附錄》〈鄭介公謚議〉、〈鄭介公謚覆議〉二文為中心，意欲探討〈謚議〉體在書寫的手法上，涵括了議（論）、行狀、贈（序），實為跨文體的一種表現方式；其次以見鄭俠越職言事，以圖規諫的諍臣風骨；其三〈鄭介公謚議〉與〈鄭介公謚覆議〉提出的背景，以及二篇〈謚議〉針對鄭俠字「介夫」，請以其字「介」為謚的意義與價值。 Zheng Xia(鄭俠), his courtesy name(字) being Jie-Fu, held a very minor government position during the reign of Emperor Shenzong(神宗) of the Northern Song Dynasty. Seeing common people suffer greatly from tough living condition caused by the corrupted policy of agricultural loans(青苗法), a policy that was part of Wang Anshi(王安石) 's famous political reformation, Zheng drew a painting to depict the hardship and drafted a petition. Exceeding what his minor authority might have allowed him, Zheng daringly submitted the painting and the petition directly to the Emperor Shenzong, who was deeply moved and decided to prune off part of the policy that had caused hardship to the common. Wang Anshi, then the second privy councilor(參知政事), was held responsible for introducing and implementing the policy. Wang thus resigned to a local government position in Jiangning(江寧), and his councilor position was handed over to Lu Hui-Ching(呂惠卿) . Later, Zheng once again exceeded his position by submitting yet another a petition directly to the Emperor along with two sarcastic paintings, commenting on Lu's character while hinting that Lu was not a man of integrity. This second petition of Zheng understandably caused turmoil inside the central court, and this time he was condemned(mainly by Lu) to the extent that he was considered ineligible for holding any government position for the rest of his life. In less than a century after Zheng's death in 1119, there were two curious petitions calling for bestowing upon Zheng a posthumous name(謚號) in honor of his integrity. As these two petitions were both repudiated, the reason behind is of speculation. Both petitions written by others for the purpose of honoring Zheng- “Petition for Bestowing Posthumous Name Upon Zheng Jie Gong”(鄭介公謚議) and “Second Petition for Bestowing Posthumous Name Upon Zheng Jie Gong”(鄭介公謚覆議) -were later collected in the appendix section of the Xitang Collection, the collection of Zheng's writings(西塘集‧附錄) . Based on these two petitions, this study aims to explore the form of this particular kind of petition that calls for bestowing upon someone a posthumous name. As a special literary form that incorporates various typical Chinese literary genre such as comments(議論), biography(行狀), and words of advice(贈序), this petition form(謚議體) is in effect a cross-genre one. This study will also discuss Zheng's righteousness and integrity shown in his daring acts-submitting petitions directly to the Emperor. Finally, this study attempts to explore the background of the two later petitions in honor of Zheng and to discuss in particular the significance of petitioning for using Zheng's courtesy name as his posthumous name.