1969年以來日韓在東海油氣田的競合

Japan-Korea Coopetition since 1969: Focus on the East China Sea Oil and Gas Fields

本文以Victor D. Cha 之日韓準同盟理論分析，探討日、韓雙方在東海油氣田爭端上不斷出現合作與衝突局面擺盪的特性。由過去日、韓雙方在東海油氣田爭端上之互動，可以看出以下的特性：（1）在雙邊關係上，當日韓兩國所面對的「拋棄」或「牽連」的不安感程度為「不對稱」時，如1972 年美國總統尼克森訪問中國之後，日、韓之間因此而產生衝突，並促使日韓各自試圖與中國合作；（2）當日韓兩國面對的「拋棄」或「牽連」的不安感程度為「對稱」時，如1977 年美國總統卡特提出駐韓美軍全面撤離的計畫之後，兩國之間於是產生合作的關係，並減少與中國合作的動力，乃使1978年6 月22 日《韓日大陸礁層共同開發協定》正式生效；（3）兩韓關係穩定，如2000 年6 月南北韓首腦會談後，打造了日韓在東海油氣田上合作的機會；（4）中國若企圖破壞日本劃定的「日中中間線」，會促使日本以「韓日共同開發區域」的名義來拉攏韓國並進行低層次的合作，以加強「日中中間線」的立場，如日、韓對於「韓日共同開發區域」探勘資料進行共同研究之事即為一例；（5）日本若過度忽略《韓日大陸礁層共同開發協定》傷害韓國利益，會促使韓國採取因應對策，來對付日本所主張的「中間線原則」，「2012 年大陸礁層劃界申請案」即為一例。若日韓雙方能在「韓日共同開發區域」深化實際性的合作，必將提高透過共同開發協定解決東海油氣田爭端之可能性。 This research analyzed the characteristics of repeated cooperation andconflicts between Japan and Korean over disputes of the East China Sea oiland gas field based on the Japan-Korea quasi-alliance model of Victor D.Cha. In previous disputes over the East China Sea oil and gas fields, thecharacteristics of Japan-Korea interaction are organized as follows:(1)When the instability level of abandonment or entrapment faced byJapan and Korea in their bilateral relationship is asymmetric, conflict arisesbetween Korea and Japan, and each of them tries to cooperate with Chinaseparately. An example was the case after the Nixon visit in 1972;(2)Whenthe instability level of abandonment or entrapment faced by Japan and Koreain their bilateral relationship is symmetric, Japan and Korea forms acooperative relationship, and the drive to cooperate with China decreases.One example was the official enactment of the Korea-Japan Agreement onJoint Continental Shelf Development on June 22, 1978, after President Carterproposed a plan to withdraw US forces in Korea;(3)After the June North-South Korean meeting in 2000, the inter-Korean relationship was stabilized,opening an opportunity for Japan and Korea to cooperate on the issue of EastChina Sea oil and gas field;(4)When China tries to incapacitate the Japan-China median line drawn by Japan, Japan involves Korea in the name ofexploration data research, Korea-Japan Joint Development Zone(JDZ), toutilize a low-level Japan-Korea cooperation. By doing so, Japan solidified itsstance on the Japan-China median line;(5)If Japan acts too passively in implementing the Korea-Japan Agreement on Join Continental ShelfDevelopment and damages Korea’s national interests, Korea actively refutesJapan’s median line principle. A main supporting case was the Koreansubmission of formal report to the CLCS in 2012;(6)After the rise of China,a change in the East China Sea situation is all the more desired. However, asthe US pursues a pivot to Asia, more difficulties are expected in Japan-Koreacooperation in the East China Sea oil and gas fields.

This research analyzed the characteristics of repeated cooperation andconflicts between Japan and Korean over disputes of the East China Sea oiland gas field based on the Japan-Korea quasi-alliance model of Victor D.Cha. In previous disputes over the East China Sea oil and gas fields, thecharacteristics of Japan-Korea interaction are organized as follows:(1)When the instability level of abandonment or entrapment faced byJapan and Korea in their bilateral relationship is asymmetric, conflict arisesbetween Korea and Japan, and each of them tries to cooperate with Chinaseparately. An example was the case after the Nixon visit in 1972;(2)Whenthe instability level of abandonment or entrapment faced by Japan and Koreain their bilateral relationship is symmetric, Japan and Korea forms acooperative relationship, and the drive to cooperate with China decreases.One example was the official enactment of the Korea-Japan Agreement onJoint Continental Shelf Development on June 22, 1978, after President Carterproposed a plan to withdraw US forces in Korea;(3)After the June North-South Korean meeting in 2000, the inter-Korean relationship was stabilized,opening an opportunity for Japan and Korea to cooperate on the issue of EastChina Sea oil and gas field;(4)When China tries to incapacitate the Japan-China median line drawn by Japan, Japan involves Korea in the name ofexploration data research, Korea-Japan Joint Development Zone(JDZ), toutilize a low-level Japan-Korea cooperation. By doing so, Japan solidified itsstance on the Japan-China median line;(5)If Japan acts too passively in implementing the Korea-Japan Agreement on Join Continental ShelfDevelopment and damages Korea’s national interests, Korea actively refutesJapan’s median line principle. A main supporting case was the Koreansubmission of formal report to the CLCS in 2012;(6)After the rise of China,a change in the East China Sea situation is all the more desired. However, asthe US pursues a pivot to Asia, more difficulties are expected in Japan-Koreacooperation in the East China Sea oil and gas fields.