從重大職災成因探討營造業安全管理困境與突破

Identifying Limitations and Breakthroughs Regarding Safety Management in the Construction Industry According to the Causes of Major Occupational Accidents

每一職災事故發生都有原因，其原因大都依循著主要危害對象或狀態條件而發生。本研究依據2000－2014年營造業重大職災資料進行統計分析，同時，為透過實務作業現場的觀察與訪談，以找出隱含在統計數字背後危害的成因與安全管理問題。研究結果發現，提升第一線勞工作業期間安全行為表現，為減少職災的最重要工作。實務調查發現現階段營造業承攬模式中，普遍出現低價競標、層層轉包、趕工壓力，加上因市場嚴重缺工情形，造成許多營造公司就安衛管理工作，面臨知道卻無法完全做到的困境。因此，如何突破困境，除主管機關依制度實施勤檢嚴罰外，取得公司高層的支持，投入更多安衛預算，並就高處作業加強其安全防護，每日作業前確實實施職前教育訓練與危害告知，及時刻走動檢查與隨時叮嚀等，是為有效減少營造業職災的管理模式。

Occupational accidents happen for a reason. In this study, statistics compiled by the Ministry of Labor on major occupational accidents in the construction industry during 2000-2014 in Taiwan were analyzed; a direct observation of a construction site was made; and interviews with contractors, supervisors, and workers were conducted to identify the causes of accidents and safety management failures. The results suggested that improving the safety behavior of frontline workers was critical to reducing occupational accidents. In addition, the findings of the field research showed that low- price bidding, subcontracting, pressure to meet deadlines, and labor shortages were commonly involved in the implementation of contracted construction projects. Consequently, numerous construction firms were unable to perform safety and hygiene management sufficiently, despite perceiving such management as crucial. To effectively reduce occupational accidents in the construction industry, the government can conduct regular inspection visits to construction sites and formulate penalties. Additionally, construction firms can invest further in safety and hygiene management to improve worker safety at higher heights, provide daily training sessions and notifications about work-related hazards before work begins, perform frequent walk- around checks, and issue safety instructions whenever necessary.