論清代的河南與山東方音──以《剔弊廣增分韻五方元音》和《等韻簡明指掌圖》為對象

The Henan and Shandong Dialects in Qing Dynasty: TiBi GuangZeng FenYun WuFang YanYin and DengYun JianMing ZhiZhangTu

有清一代因為出現了大量的韻書、韻圖，內容兼具有復古、反映時音等多樣體系，是研究近代漢語語音的重要語料。本文選擇展現部份河南方音的《剔弊廣增分韻五方元音》以及呈顯山東方音的《等韻簡明指掌圖》為觀察對象，希冀藉由對這兩部韻圖音系內容的探究，追索其形成音變的內外條件機制。從而獲悉《剔弊廣增分韻五方元音》裡看似不合理的入聲調型態，應是移民影響下、映現時音的結果；而《等韻簡明指掌圖》裡的獨特聲母類型，卻可能是該地域衍生的獨特音變。是以，語音變化除了來自內部音系自發性的轉變外，人口遷移所造成的外部推力影響，也起了決定性作用。

In Qing Dynasty, a variety of rhyme books and rhyme charts reflect the diverse sound system of the time and serve as important corpus for the studies of modern Chinese speech. This paper aims to examine the Henan dialect in TiBi GuangZeng FenYun WuFang YanYin and Shangdong dialect in DengYun JianMing ZhiZhangTu so as to explore the circumstances that cause sound changes at the time. The seemingly arbitrary tone patterns in TiBi GuangZeng FenYun WuFang YanYin may have something to do with immigration that changes the contemporary speech. While the unique type of initial in DengYun JianMing ZhiZhangTu may come from the sound change which happens only in the specific region. Both the spontaneous internal changes and the external factor, migration, play important roles in the phonological changes in Qing Dynasty.