列強華北駐軍問題與撤兵交涉（ 1902-1914 ）

The Negotiation between China and Foreign Powers about The Situation of Garrison in North China, 1900-1914.

1902年8月，八國聯軍在交還天津以後全數撤出，外國駐軍逐年減少，直到清宣統3年（1911）在武昌爆發革命黨起義，隨著武昌的民軍逐漸穩住陣腳，南方各省陸續響應，脫離清廷中央的領導而獨立，而在華的各國列強除了表示中立的態度外，也陸續以保護租界區的僑民生命財產為名，要求派遣軍隊進入中國防衛，他們害怕革命軍和清軍的交戰會影響或傷害到他們在華的既得利益，駐軍權是來自清光緒27年（1901）簽訂的《辛丑和約》第七與第九款內容規定，列強得以在使館區和北京到天津一帶駐紮軍隊。於是在該年11月底陸續宣布要增加兵力進入中國，日本、俄國、德國等陸續派遣軍隊進入華北和武漢地區，這個情形延續到中華民國成立後，民國3年（1914）外交部首先向俄國提出撤軍的請求，再者透過與德國交涉，基本達成德俄兩國撤軍的行動。同時亦與日本進行交涉，但日方僅願意撤除京津地區新增之兵，武漢地區仍舊未能解決。然而，從此次行為中也可以看出，外交部嘗試縮小這個妨礙國家主權甚深的駐軍權對中國的影響，儘可能地在合法合理的情況下，取得最佳的情況。

Foreign garrison was a special power in modern China after the Boxer protocol in1901. There were mostly garrison set their troops and headquarter in Peking (Beijing)and Tientsin (Tianjin), such as Britain, Japan, France and USA, with four largestnumber of troops in northern China. This essay started from 1902, which the right of garrison just began, and ended inbeginning of World War I in 1914. First chapter is about the garrison activities betweenBoxer and Chinese revolution in 1911, which also the last decade of Qing dynasty withreformation. The second chapter presents how the foreign powers answered therevolution everywhere, with increasing force as protection or trying the withdrawalforeign civilians to Shanghai public settlement. The third chapter shows the newrepublic government tried their best to negotiate to withdrawal of all the foreigngarrison in northern China. The foreign garrison was not an unique example in the world, also happened inJapan and Siam with British and French troops. This essay is a part of my master thesis,and also a small part of garrison studies.