社群媒體時代下未成年子女之權利與親權衝突－－以親子網紅團購為例

Parental Rights and Children's Rights in Social Media Contexts: A Case Study of Family Influencer Group Buying

社群媒體的普及化，「網紅行銷」如雨後春筍般發展迅速，親子網紅也在這波潮流中成為社會關注的焦點。本文意旨在探討網紅子女成長背景中，父母以親權之名包裝不斷以手機、攝影機等拍攝子女，將其舉動放置社群媒體供粉絲們或追蹤者們「欣賞」，待父母粉絲基礎量穩固後，父母即可在社群媒體上開啟團體購買之路增加家庭收入。因團購商品皆以母嬰用品為大宗，故以子女作為主角拍攝廣告短片或是以子女照片為背景宣傳團購商品效用增加曝光度，透過子女背書更能讓消費者感到信服，強化消費者購買慾望，在這之中子女可能面臨到的權利侵害與負擔。當然，拍攝團購廣告影片確實可為家庭帶來可觀之經濟收益，固然能讓子女生活更為優渥，惟現行制度下卻無法確認該筆分潤金是否確實運用在子女身上，缺乏第三人監管，全然由父母掌控與支配。換句話說子女在這場網紅團購中，須配合父母、業者展演團購商品性質，充當小代言人或者背誦業者所要求之廣告詞貢獻了「自己」，而該筆分潤之所有權全然歸於父母，難以確保其付出能獲得合理回報。子女之脆弱性使得其難以為自己發聲，一切皆掩蓋在親權之保護傘下，凸顯在父母親權與子女最佳利益之間有緊張與拉扯，面臨經濟剝削的風險。
本論文於第二章首先探討「未成年子女」在法律中的定位，是「權利主體」抑或是可被觀賞的「客體」，從過去未成年子女被視為父母之財產之歷史沿革到經歷世界大戰後思想風潮之轉變，子女本是權利主體，且有本質上脆弱性，具有保護必要，故在涉及未成年子女之事項中，國家介入家庭自治之密度較大。接續探討在父母透過社群累積粉絲進而開啟團體購買之路中可能所涉及之權利，如隱私權、勞動經濟權、知情同意權等，以及將來子女成年時，不想其個人資訊、名字在搜尋引擎中一找即知，該如何為自己主張權利。
第三章探討父母之權利，親權之行使界線。首先回顧親權之歷史沿革，各國對於親權之認識，過去兩代之間關係如何影響現代親屬法制，親權的內涵在親子網紅團購中是否有模糊之處，甚至引發未成年子女權益之衝突。尤其在經濟面向上，為防止父母親權之財產照護權限過大，使得未成年子女淪為被剝削之客體。子女之照片、影像作為吸引業者、粉絲之橋梁並且在後續團購商業活動中，展示自己，分潤收入卻可能全部被吸收至父母親名義下，無法得知是否有回饋至子女，現行法制尚缺乏明確規範與監督機制，難以有效保障子女。本文將以親權界限及子女利益原則為核心，分析親子網紅團購現象中所衍生之法律問題，並探討親權濫用與子女權益侵害間之界線，提出初步之檢討與省思。
第四章以外國童星法源作為先驅，先予說明童星與網紅子女之相似性，主要以美國法為代表，並旁論其他國家如法國法及印尼法之法源。參考過去美國各州法如何保障童星之身心發展及避免剝削，有些州別意識到對於未成年子女之剝削型態已從過去的平面媒體到近年來的社群媒體，而頒布法案擴大童星法源之適用使得網紅子女亦得享有保障，對比多數國家，包含我國，仍未意識到親子網紅風潮所帶來之風險。最後討論美國法源移植到我國之可能性，是否有本質上衝突。
本論文結論為：深入探討親子網紅中子女權利和父母親權間之關係，並借鏡外國法之經驗，能否在台灣現有制度下移植外國法之精髓，尋求更為完善之立法設計，以期立法跟上社群媒體時代之腳步，避免親子網紅之新產業興起，卻未有相對應的配套措施，促進未成年子女利益之保護，子女之脆弱性本質，應有國家立法外部介入密度，以實現保護未成年子女之任務。

With the widespread adoption of social media, influencer marketing has experienced rapid and unprecedented growth, and family influencers have likewise attracted widespread public attention. This paper aims to examine the exercise of parental rights within the upbringing of children raised in influencer environments, where parents, under the pretext of nurturing and protection, continuously surround their children with smartphones and cameras, capturing their every move and disseminating it across social media platforms. After achieving a sufficient social media followings, parents often engage in group buying on social media to generate additional family income. In this process, children are positioned as central figures, either starring in promotional videos or having their images used as backdrops for advertising group buying products, thereby enhancing product visibility and intensifying consumer purchasing desire. However, these practices may expose children to significant infringements of their rights. Under the current legal framework, there is no sufficient legal protections to ensure that the proceeds from group buying activities are actually allocated for the benefit of the child; instead, control over the income remains entirely in the hands of the parents. In other words, children contribute their personal images and performances ,delivering scripted promotional content at the request of commercial partners ; yet the resulting profits are appropriated by the parents. Under the guise of parental rights, children’s labor contributions are rarely compensated fairly, exposing them to significant risks of economic exploitation.. This situation highlights the inherent tension between the exercise of parental rights and the best interests of the child, exposing minors to significant risks of economic exploitation.
In Chapter 2, this thesis first examines the legal status of minor children, focusing on whether they are regarded as subjects of rights or merely as ’’objects’’. It reviews the historical development from the traditional view, in which minor children were considered the property of their parents, to the developments following the end of World War II that ultimately led to the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child􇂷CRC􇂸, which recognizes children as subjects of rights.In addition, this chapter explores the growing recognition of the need to ensure minors’ healthy and secure development, justifying greater state intervention in matters involving minors compared to the general principles of family autonomy.Furthermore, this chapter examines the rights affected when parents use social media to build followings and conduct group buying activities,with particular attention to children’s rights to privacy , protection against economic exploitation, and the right to informed consent.
Chapter 3 examines the limits of parental rights and heir implications for the protection of minor children. It first reviews the historical development of parental rights and analyzes whether the exercise of parental rights has become blurred within the context of family influencer marketing, potentially leading to conflicts with the rights of minor children. In particular, it highlights how the current legal framework lacks clear regulations and supervisory mechanisms to effectively protect children’s interests.
Chapter 4 draws upon the American system of legal protections for child influencers and examines its implications for Taiwanese legal development. It first discusses the similarities between traditional child actors and child influencers in terms of their roles and vulnerabilities. The chapter then analyzes how various U.S. state laws have historically sought to protect the physical and mental development of child actors and prevent their exploitation, and how recent legislative reforms have expanded the application of such protections to include child influencers.
In conclusion, this paper thoroughly investigates the relationship between the rights of minor children and the exercise of parental rights in the context of family influencer group buying in Taiwan and draws on American legal experience to propose a more comprehensive legal framework to address the emerging challenges posed by the social media environment.