支持」或「包容」：方位詞「上」和「裡」之語意分析及通用之動因

"Support" or "Containment": A Semantic Study of the Chinese Localizers shàng and lǐ and the Motivation of Their Interchangeability

「上」和「裡」是兩個使用頻率最高的漢語方位詞，分別描述主體（figure）和背景（background）所構成的支持（support）和包容（containment）的空間關係。在詞彙發展的過程中，「上」和「裡」從定向性方位詞逐漸演變為泛向性方位詞，此一轉變使得兩者的義項增加，因而造成了在描述某些特定的空間場景時可以通用。本論文以語料庫為本，擷取並篩選所有可同時由「上」和「裡」所定域的方所，一共有二十個，從背景的幾何特徵及主體和背景的功能關係，將這二十個方所區分為六類空間場景，藉此分析兩個方位詞在這六類空間場景的使用類型及其對應的語意。本研究根據詞彙語意的發展及認知語言學的理論架構分析，發現方位詞的泛向性語意及說話者的認知識解，是促使「上」和「裡」能夠互換的動因。此外，方位詞的定向性語意和方位詞組的熟語結構，則是影響方位詞選用傾向的重要因素。

 

The Chinese spatial terms shàng (’上’) and lǐ (’裡’) are two of the most frequently used localizers, depicting the spatial relationship of support and containment between the figure and the ground. Throughout the process of lexical development, shàng and lǐ have evolved from precise localization to generic localization, and this change has resulted in an expanded range of meanings for both. This evolution allows both localizers to be interchangeably applied in describing specific spatial scenes. Adopting a corpus-based approach, we retrieved and analyzed spatial scenes that can be encoded by both shàng and lǐ. These spatial scenes are further classified into six types based on geometric features of the ground and the functional relationship between the figure and the ground. The study aims to analyze the use types and meanings of shàng and lǐ in these six types of spatial scenes. The research reveals that the generic position interpretations of the localizers and the speaker’s cognitive construal motivate the interchangeability of shàng and lǐ. Additionally, the precise position interpretations of the localizers and the idiomatic structure of locative phrases are identified as crucial factors influencing the selection tendencies of the two localizers.