《春秋經》與《左傳》卿之身分判準三則

Three criteria for the Judgment of Qīng’s Identity in “Chūn Qiū Jīng” & “Zuǒ Zhuán”

本文以《春秋經》與《左傳》為範圍，提出「帥師以納周天子、他國之君、他國之公子者為卿」、「行弔災與唁之事者為卿」、「『逆』公子而立為國君或大子者為卿」三項判斷卿身分之標準。二者記第一項之事計十則、十三位人物，經本文分析知齊之隰朋、楚之成得臣、楚之鬬勃、晉之趙盾、楚之屈建、齊之高偃、晉之籍談、晉之荀躒、晉之趙鞅、魯之叔孫舒、越之臯如、越之舌庸、宋之樂茷等十三人身分皆為卿。二者記第二項之事計五則、四位人物，記行唁之事有五則、五位人物。除國君外，二者計有魯之厚成叔、魯之叔弓、陳之公孫貞子、魯之臧紇、齊之高張、晉之荀躒等六位大夫，身分皆為卿。二者計第三項之事計八則，除一則對象不明，另有鄭之祭仲、石甲父、侯宣多、晉之趙穿、荀罃、齊之崔杼、莒之公子鐸、楚之子西等八位。祭仲、趙穿、荀罃、崔杼、子西確定為卿，又旁證石甲父與侯宣多亦是卿，整體比例已逾八成，推測莒之公子鐸身分亦是卿。

 

This article takes "Chūn Qiū Jīng" & "Zuǒ Zhuán" as the text scope, and proposes three criteria for judging the identity of Qīng. The first is "those Generals who escorted the Emperor Zhōu, Monarchs or Princes from other States to their own States with armies are Qīng." The second is "those who expressed their condolences to States or extended condolences to Monarchs are Qīng." The third is "those who welcomed Princes from other States to their own States and let them become Monarchs or the first Prince in succession to the throne are Qīng." Refer to "Chūn Qiū Jīng" & "Zuǒ Zhuán", there are ten stories and thirteen characters belong to the first criterion. According to the analysis of this article, they are Xí Péng (Qí State), Chéng Dé-chén (Chǔ State), Dòu Bó (Chǔ State), Zhào Dùn (Jìn State), Qū Jiàn (Chǔ State), Gāo Yǎn (Qí State), Jí Tán (Jìn State), Xún Lì (Jìn State), Zhào Yang (Jìn State), Shū-sūn Shū (Lǔ State), Gāo Rú (Yuè State), Shé Yōng (Yuè State) and Yuè Fá (Sòng State). All these thirteen above are Qīng. Besides, there are five stories and four characters belong to the second criterion and they were record by expressing their condolences to States. Another five stories and five characters were record for extending their condolences to Monarchs. Except those Monarchs, there are six persons who belong to the second criterion. They are Hòu Chéng-shū (Lǔ State), Shū Gōng (Lǔ State), Gōng-sūn Zhēn-zi (Chén State), Zāng Hé (Lǔ State), Gāo Zhàng (Qí State) and Xún Lì (Jìn State). All these six Dà-fū above are Qīng. In conclusion, there are eight stories and eight characters belong to the third criterion, except for an unknown character. The rest of them are Jì Zhòng (Zhèng State), Shí Jiǎ-fù (Zhèng State), Hóu Xuān-duō (Zhèng State), Zhào Chuān (Jìn State), Xún Yīng (Jìn State), Cuī Zhù (Qí State), Gōng-zǐ Duó (Jǔ State) and Zǐ Xī (Chǔ State). Jì Zhòng, Zhào Chuān, Xún Yīng, Cuī Zhù and Zǐ Xī are identified as Qīng. Shí Jiǎ-fù and Hóu Xuān-duō are also confirmed to be Qīng by some evidence. The overall ratio is more than 80%, and it is speculated that Gōng-zǐ Duó is also Qing.