買賣一份「媽媽工作」：居家清潔商品化下的女工性別與勞動

Buying and Selling a "Mother's Work" : Commodification and Gendered Labour of House Cleaning Work

系所名稱：社會學研究所
學位別：碩士
畢業學年：111
指導教授：鄭斐文
本研究以「家事外包」的家務勞動商品化現象為背景，討論居家清潔女工的性別與勞動處境。坊間聲稱居家清潔產業的產值上看十億甚至百億，但居家清潔的社會地位與勞動條件卻並未隨著家事外包的需求快速增加而提高，打掃「阿姨」、「歐巴桑」的稱呼常見於生活中，工作內容被視為任何一個年長女性都可以勝任的性別化工作，如同女性家務工作的延伸。但真的是這樣嗎？本研究分別以（1）廣告中的性別、家庭與工作意識形態塑造（2）清潔工作現場的身體與情緒勞動內容（3）清潔業內部的男女性別分工進行分析，討論商品化的居家清潔工作對工人產生何種影響，並深究清潔女工口中的「袂曉／會曉」究竟是什麼。
本研究指出，商品化的居家清潔並不只是做家事，女工從袂曉到會曉，是一性別化及理性化的勞動過程。居家清潔女工的勞動處境鑲嵌在非典型僱傭的體制之中，為避免當次的服務無法成交，以及同時保護自己的身體不在趕工中受傷，她們必須成為「會曉」的清潔女工——既形似家人，又不失專業。本研究以身體及情緒勞動為概念，分析女工的勞動過程及性別化分工的形成脈絡；並且加入對母職角色的討論，期待在多以男性為對象的工人研究領域中，描繪及增添女性勞動者們立體的身影。

This study examines the gender and labor conditions of female house cleaning workers in the context of the commodification of domestic labor through "housework outsourcing."
Despite claims of the industry’s billion or even billion-dollar market value, the social status and labor conditions of house cleaning workers have not significantly improved alongside the growing demand for outsourcing. Terms such as "Auntie" or "Obasan" are commonly used to refer to house cleaning workers, perpetuating the perception that their tasks are simply gendered work that any older woman can handle.
But is this really the case? The study examines three key aspects: (1) the portrayal of gender, family, and work ideologies in advertisements; (2) the physical and emotional labor involved in house cleaning work environments; and (3) the gendered division of labor within the house cleaning industry. It explores the effects of commodified house cleaning work on workers and delves into the significance of the terms "ē-hiáu" and "bē-hiáu" used by workers.
The study argues that commodified house cleaning goes beyond mere housework; it involves a gendered and rationalized labor process. The labor conditions of house cleaning workers are deeply embedded within the structures of non-standard employment. In order to avoid incomplete transactions and protect their bodies from injuries caused by rushing through their work, these workers must adopt a professional approach while also resembling family members. By examining bodily and emotional labor, the study analyzes the labor process of female workers and the formation of a gendered division of labor. Additionally, it incorporates discussions on the role of women as mothers, aiming to present a multidimensional view of female laborers that is often overshadowed by male-centric research.