對美國政府歧視對待外國人現象的憲法學研究

A Constitutional Study on the Governmental Discrimination of Aliens in the U.S.

美國的憲法制度與實踐在西方國家中具有典型性，它從形式上實踐高度强調政府應對不同族群平等對待，但是在實踐中，美國政府却存在著許多區別甚至歧視對待外國人的作法，有些已經達到了制度性歧視對待的程度，這揭示出美國憲法實踐的一個重大悖論。人民主權理論和社會契約理論是美國憲法制度的兩大基礎理論，但是這兩大理論却有可能産生限制外國人權利的作用。其中人民主權理論對內要求限制政府權力，但是在國際交往過程中需要賦予政府行動的權力，使得憲法成爲了賦權法。因爲外國人不是社會契約的訂立主體，也無法獲得基於社會契約論的保護。但是在美國的憲法實踐中也存在著許多反對歧視對待外國人的理由，例如自然權利觀、憲法的組織法定位要求政府在行使權力時一視同仁、個人尊嚴思想以及建立與維持一個開放多元社會的思想。從美國憲法的具體實踐來看，美國憲法上的人更多的是美國人而不是自然人，國家經濟形勢的變動會影響到對外國人的權利保護。並且美國作爲一個大國，憲法的國內法定位將引發許多尷尬問題。美國憲法制度的問題與矛盾具有代表性。在當今全球化、世界各國的聯繫日益緊密的年代，現代憲法進一步的發展可能需要做出進一步的調整。

The constitutional practice of the United States highly emphasizes that the government should treat different ethnic groups equally, but in practice, the U.S. government has many different and even discriminatory treatment of aliens, some of which have reached the level of institutional discrimination. The theory of popular sovereignty and the theory of social contract are the two basic ideas of the American constitution, but these two theories may have the effect of restricting the rights of aliens. Among them, the theory of popular sovereignty restricts the power of the government, but during international exchanges, the constitution serves as a law of empowerment. Because foreigners are not the subject of social contract formation, they cannot get protection based on social contract theory. However, there are many reasons against discrimination against aliens in American constitutional practices, such as the view of natural rights, the positioning of the constitution as an organizational law, which requires the government to exercise its power without discrimination, the idea of personal dignity, and the idea of establishing and maintaining an open and pluralistic society. From the specific practices of the U.S. constitution, person in the U.S. constitution is more American than natural person, the change of national economic situation will affect the protection of the rights of foreigners, and for large countries like the United States, the domestic law positioning of the U.S. Constitution has caused many embarrassing problems. All these problems reveals the challenges to modern constitutions in the era of building a community with a shared future for mankind.