大開發展覽：平民住宅和南亞後殖民現代化的呈現

The Great Development Exhibition: Mass Housing and the Representation of Postcolonial Modernity in South Asia

在1950年代的開發都市主義中，一種所謂「大開發展覽」在某些重要的場合為政治表現拉開了序幕。其中，又以1954年新德里的低價熱帶住宅和位於喀拉蚩附近的科蘭吉成為新衛星市鎮，以及新首都伊斯蘭瑪巴德的地標工程最具代表性。

一般在大型展覽會和國際商品展銷會上，給參觀者一進會場就看到的展示方式也在這種從零打造的新市鎮出現。在這種展示活動中，有兩種意識共存：一方面是一種立基在新的科學和方法上四海皆準的跨國的全球化發展理論；另一方面，則是民族主義的信奉者需要在其歷史和文化的獨特性中表現出南亞後殖民新國家的內涵。當這兩種論述碰在一起時，因每個國家的情況不同，所產生的衝突或細小的變化也會很不一致。

文中最後分析的是，當面對在地的微型政治時，若只是單一地用「解構」的方法來理解這些展覽，必定無用。畢竟這些大開發展覽會和在19世紀和20世紀在歐洲或北美洲的博覽會不一樣，它們背後的權力和知識是無法被東方主義的那套經典理論來澈底詮釋的。

The notion of a “Great Development Exhibition” opens up the politics of representation at some signature events in development urbanism of the 1950s: the 1954 exhibition on low-cost tropical housing in New Delhi and Pakistan’s landmark projects for the new satellite town of Korangi near Karachi, and the new national capital of Islamabad. Practices of representation associated with grand exhibitions and international trade fairs often found a functional equivalent in the “demonstration sectors” created to be the first visible parts of the new cities designed from scratch. At these exhibition events, two ideological tendencies were at work: on the one hand, a transnational, universalist discourse of development that sought to recast the world as a unitary field of action defined by a new set of scientific variables and methodologies; and on the other hand, a nationalist need to represent the essence of the new postcolonial states of South Asia in their historical and cultural uniqueness. The encounter between these two tendencies was conflictual, nuanced and differed substantially between national settings. In the final analysis, methodologies predicated on the “deconstruction” of modes of representation alone inevitably break down when faced with the micro politics of locality. Contrary to the “grand exhibitions” held in European or North American cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Great Development Exhibition cannot be interpreted exhaustively as a site where a global orientalist master discourse unfolds its power/knowledge.