刑事合意程序的真相觀──以前南國際刑事法庭辯訴交易為切入

The Theory of Truth in Consensual Criminal Procedures: A Review on Plea Bargaining at the ICTY

前南國際刑事法庭引入辯訴交易，主要是為了節約司法資源、提高司法效率。通過辯訴交易換取被告人認罪後，檢察官可以改變指控。雖然認罪的真實性缺乏充分保障，但是法庭審判仍然可以被省略，直接進入量刑程序，這無疑阻礙了個案真相的發現。調和論的觀點則認為，辯訴交易未減損作為個人責任基礎的案件事實，并從整體上提升了作為共識基礎的歷史記錄的完整性。無論持何種真相觀，法庭所確認的事實只有被接受才具有實際價值。對量刑減讓的誤解以及參與協商主體範圍的局限性，阻礙了事實認定結果被所涉地區的人們接受，導致保障國際人權法實施、促進地區和解的價值不能充分實現。在所有類型的刑事合意程序中，為提高事實認可接受性，都應在更廣泛的意義上構建溝通與協商機制。

The primary purpose of adopting plea bargaining at the ICTY was to save judicial resources and promote efficiency. The Prosecutor could amend the indictment after the defendant pleaded guilty as a result of plea bargaining. Although the accuracy of such a plea was not subject to substantial review, the full trial could be avoided and a sentencing hearing would follow. From the perspective of conventional procedural theory, this practice has impeded the process of establishing the truth. On the other hand, plea bar-gaining has improved the quality of historical record, which is expected to provide the con-sensus basis for reconciliation, while case facts as basis for individual responsibility are not undermined. No matter which theory of truth should be accpeted, the truth must beac-cpeted to fulfill its values. Misinterpretation of sentence deduction and the restricted range of participants will have undermined the acceptance of truth so that the values of imple-menting international humanitarian law and promoting reconciliation cannot be fully a-chieved. In all kinds of consensual criminal procedures, the truth shall be negotiated among a larger group to promote its acceptance.