西漢中尉令長類屬官建置及寺工和都船職掌蠡測

A Study of the Establishment of lingzhang-type Subordinates of the Chamberlain for the Imperial Insignia (zhongwei) and of the Duties of the Royal Artisans (sigong) and Water Patrol (duchuan) Offices in the Western Han Dynasty

秦漢中央常備軍事組織的研究成果較少，尤其是中尉（執金吾）組織的結構與屬性複雜，傳統論述皆由南北軍制框架論之，難免有所局限。由於中尉轉向執金吾時代的建置變動較大，本文暫先以《漢表》和〈秩律〉為主，配合其它資料，考察令長類屬官建置沿革及當中的寺工和都船的職掌，藉以呈現中尉（執金吾）組織的部分發展特色。 和武庫相同，漢初中都官已有寺工，兩者分以兵器儲納和生產為主要職掌，但皆初屬少府，至景武之際乃至太初改制前改屬中尉。此一發展或與景武之際東西政局與漢匈對立下的軍事需求上升，導致兵器生產和儲納管理等國政日益擴張與複雜化有關，同時也體現了秦漢初以來中央政府組織分工漸趨合理，以及國政機構漸趨重要等官制發展的趨勢。 和寺工相同，都船亦是承秦而置，基於中尉組織本務，疑其主司京畿津渡管理等水道治安事務，且漢初因委輸前線之需，加重了官船修建和調度等職任；後因漕糧關中而參與漕運，則是這些本務、兼職的擴充運用。都船三丞、都船獄的設置或與這些職掌有關。因此，都船和中壘雖皆不見載於〈秩律〉，但前者始置於漢初的可能性較大。 和中尉屯衛類屬官相比，令長類屬官發展較晚，景武間以後始陸續完備，說明中央常備軍的組織建置有漸重行政的發展趨勢；此外，三輔都尉或亦在太初改制時完備，京畿制度有朝向郡國化發展的可能。此或能反映中尉更名執金吾的沿革意義，也能進一步思考官僚體系由軍國體制向日常行政體制轉換，說明深化官府組織與國政進程關係的考察，或可作為推進官制史研究的新方向。

 

Scholars have paid much attention to the Northern and Southern Armies in the Western Han but there are fewer studies of the establishment and duties of officials subordinated to the central regular armies, such as the Palace Garrison (weiwei 衛尉) and the Chamberlain for the Imperial Insignia (zhongwei 中尉). This essay focuses on the establishment of lingzhang-type subordinates of the zhongwei and on the duties of the Royal Artisans (sigong 寺工) and Water Patrol offices (duchuan 都船) to examine aspects of the development of the zhongwei, utilizing the chapter on state offices (“Baiguan gongqing biao” 百官公卿表) in the Hanshu, the “Salary Regulations” (zhilü 秩律) in the “Legal Text of Year 2” bamboo slips, and other relevant materials.

The main duties of the sigong and the wuku 武庫, subordinated to the Chamberlain for the Palace Revenues (shaofu 少府) in the early Han, were respectively weapons production and storage. Under Emperors Jing and Wu, due to a noticeable increase in military demands coming with the threat from princedoms and from the steppe federation of the Xiongnu, military administration concerned with production and storage of weapons became more important and complex, and the sigong and wuku came to be subordinated under the Chamberlain for the Imperial Insignia. This development also reflects the rationalization of the central government and the increasing significance of official administrative agencies during the Western Han.

Like the sigong, the duchuan was inherited from the Qin. Judging from the main responsibilities of the Chamberlain for the Imperial Insignia, the duchuan was probably in charge of security of waterways around the metropolitan region of the capital. Furthermore, in order to support material transport by water in the early Han, the duchuan was additionally responsible for the manufacture and allocation of official boats, and further participated in delivering grain to the Guanzhong region by water. Three aides and the prison of duchuan were established, perhaps in relation to these core and extended duties. Therefore, although duchuan, like the zhonglei 中壘, is not listed in the “Salary Regulations,” it was more likely established early in the Han.

Compared to tunwei-type subordinates of the zhongwei, lingzhang-type subordinates developed later, in the reigns of Emperors Jing and Wu. This shows that the administrative mechanism of the central regular armies had become more prominent than it was in the early Han. Moreover, the three commandants of the metropolitan region of the capital (sanfu duwei 三輔都尉) were fully established in the reform of the civil service system in 104 BCE, making administration of the capital more similar to that of local government. This can shed light on the significance of the renaming of zhongwei to zhijinwu 執金吾. It also leads us to think about how military systems were transformed into ordinary administrative agencies, and how research on bureaucratic institutions can be advanced by investigating the interaction between bureaucratic organization and administrative developments.