學前兒童色塊測驗之編製

Development of the Token Test for Chinese-Speaking Preschoolers

本研究旨在編製一套用來評量學前兒童聽覺理解能力的色塊測驗，並探討其信效度。研究對象包括預試樣本、常模樣本和身心障礙樣本共2,257 名3 至5 歲兒童，其中常模樣本係根據台灣地區北、中、南、東之學前兒童人口比率，每一年齡組各取500 名。本研究之主要結果如下：（1）每一年齡組色塊測驗各有29 題，其中22題是共同試題，另外7 題是各年齡組不同之試題；（2）學前兒童色塊測驗有良好的內部一致性和重測信度；（3）本測驗三歲組和四歲組資料與四因素模式適配度佳，五歲組資料則較適合三因素模式；（4）本測驗與「學前兒童語言能力的測驗」（張欣戊，1991）有中度相關；（5）學前兒童在不同因素試題之通過率，隨指令長度和複雜度之增加而遞減；（6）學前兒童在色塊測驗之表現會因其年齡、性別、居住地區和是否為身心障礙者，而有所差異；（7）色塊測驗所測量的聽覺理解能力，受時代變遷之影響不大。

The study was aimed at developing a test for assessing preschool children's auditory comprehension skills based on the Token Test concept originally proposed by De Renzi and Vignolo in the 1960s. This test was especially designed to probe the information processing skills underlining auditory comprehension. This article reviews the procedures in establishing a national norm and also reports its reliability and validity. A total of 2,257 children aged from 3 to 5 were proportionally sampled from the four major geographical regions in Taiwan participated in the study for the use in the pilot phase, norm establishing, and validity checking. The formal test thus developed contains 29 items for each age group, including a common set of 22 items across the three age groups and another set of 7 items unique to each age group. The test was found to have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Factor analysis revealed the good fit for the four-factor model with the 3- and 4-year-old groups, yet the three-factor model with the 5-year-old group. As for the criterion-related validity, the test was moderately correlated with an existent auditory comprehension test designed to probe the syntactic and semantic aspects of the language. In addition, the passing rate decreased with the increasing length and complexity of test items. Age, gender, residential area, and disability were critical factors accounting for the test performance. Finally, the overall abilities tapped by the revised test with the current preschooler cohort are not substantially different from the cohort sampled for a previous version almost one decade years ago, indicating that the information processing skills tapped by the test are rather immune to the cultural changes across different generations.