警察臨檢必要措施及行政救濟──評最高行政法院111年度上字第675號判決

Police Inspections and Administrative Remedy—Comment on the Supreme Administrative Court (111) Shang Tzu No.675

警察依警察職權行使法第8條第1項攔停交通工具，並得依同條第2項，於合理懷疑駕駛人或乘客將有危害行為時「強制離車」；有事實足認有犯罪之虞時「檢查交通工具」。在無類似規範可資適用的同法第6條、第7條攔停規定，如發生同法第8條第2項所指危險情況，得運用法律解釋方法，分別強制離車或檢查交通工具。行政救濟部分，本件判決將警察臨檢及其必要措施原則上定性為事實行為，受攔檢人如有不服，應針對警察行使職權民眾異議紀錄表提起訴願及撤銷訴訟，但本文認為，異議紀錄表與行政處分連結論理、異議紀錄表與攔檢行為本身對應呈現關係，均有疑義。另對於「侵害狀態持續存在」的職權措施（如扣留），得提起一般給付訴訟請求排除違法狀況，本文認為例示訴訟類型在行政救濟體系最大之意義，係為警察職權行使創設多元的訴訟類型適用空間，警察職權行使法第29條，並非限制人民僅得提起訴願前置訴訟類型之規定。本文另提出數則設例，討論警察臨檢適用違法確認訴訟、課予義務訴訟、一般給付訴訟等訴訟類型之可能。本件判決運用解釋方法填補法律漏洞，對於警察臨檢措施與行政訴訟的關聯多有闡釋，落實司法院釋字第535號解釋完備行政救濟之意旨，謹於評析之後提出修法建議。

Police may stop a transportation vehicle in accordance with Article 8, Paragraph 1 of the Police Power Exercise Act. Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of the same article, when the police reasonably suspect that the driver or passenger of the transportation vehicle provided in the preceding paragraph will pose a hazard based on their unusual behavior, the police may order the person to exit the vehicle. When there are sufficient facts indicating the possibility that the person may commit a crime, the police may also check the vehicle. According to the meaning of this judgment, the police can also implement aforementioned intervention measures when stopping people or vehicles pursuant to Articles 6 and 7 of the same Act. The court characterizes the police stop-and-check and accompanying necessary measures as a factual act. Accordingly, people may file an administrative appeal and a litigation of revocation for a record of objection.
Through this judgment, the court creates space for the development of various types of litigation. Depending on different situations, people may file a litigation for a declaratory judgment confirming the illegality of an administrative act, or a litigation demanding performance of certain obligations or a litigation of performance. The court uses the method of statutory interpretation to fill the legal loophole of the Police Power Exercise Act, thereby aligning with the intent of Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 535.